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Streszczenie:
The article presents a new normalization of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the radial artery, taking into account the parameter BSSR being equal to the ratio of the basal shear rate (BS) measured before the cuff inflation and post occlusive shear rate (SR). The in vivo usefulness of the new normalization algorithm wasevaluated in two groups of patients. In group I, comprising 15 healthy volunteers, the normalized FMD/SR was(3.19 ± 1.4)*10^-4, while in group II, comprising 13 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), it was(1.02 ± 0.76)*10^-4. We calculated almost 50% larger difference between the average values after normalizing FMD/BSSR. Specifically, the FMD/BSSR was equal to 28 ± 9.40 in group I and 6.01 ± 3.74 in group II. The prediction of CAD patients based on FMD/SR values had a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 84.6%, whereas the prediction of CAD patients based on the FMD/BSSR values revealed 100% sensitivity and specificity. These results confirm the usefulness of the novel normalization algorithm of the FMD in differentiation of normal patients from those with stable CAD.

Słowa kluczowe:
flow-mediated vasodilation, radial artery, shear rate, pulsed Doppler, ultrasonography, coronary artery disease

Streszczenie:
In the article we describe the new, high frequency, 20 MHz scanning/Doppler probe designed to measure the flow mediated dilation (FMD) and shear rate (SR) close to the radial artery wall. We compare two US scanning systems, standard vascular modality working below 12 MHz and high frequency 20 MHz system designed for FMD and SR measurements. Axial resolutions of both systems were compared by imaging of two closely spaced food plastic foils immersed in water and by measuring systolic/diastolic diameter changes in the radial artery. The sensitivities of Doppler modalities were also determined. The diagnostic potential of a high frequency system in measurements of FMD and SR was studied in vivo, in two groups of subjects, 12 healthy volunteers and 14 patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Over three times better axial resolution was demonstrated for a high frequency system. Also, the sensitivity of the external single transducer 20 MHz pulse Doppler proved to be over 20 dB better (in terms of a signal-to-noise ratio) than the pulse Doppler incorporated into the linear array. Statistically significant differences in FMD and FMD/SR values for healthy volunteers and CAD patients were confirmed, p-values < 0:05. The areas under Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for FMD and FMD/SR for the prediction CAD had the values of 0.99 and 0.97, respectively. These results justify the usefulness of the designed high-frequency scanning system to determine the FMD and SR in the radial artery as predictors of coronary arterial disease.

Słowa kluczowe:
low mediated dilation, shear rate, axial resolution, elevation resolution, pulsed Doppler, ultrasonic imaging

Streszczenie:
A high-frequency scanning system consisting of a 20-MHz linear array transducer combined with a 20-MHz pulsed Dopplerprobe was introduced to evaluate the degree of radial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD [%]) in two groups of patients after5 min of controlled forearm ischemia followed by reactive hyperemia. In group I, comprising 27 healthy volunteers, FMD (mean ± standard deviation) was 15.26 ± 4.90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.32%–17.20%); in group II, comprising 17 patients with chronic coronary artery disease, FMD was significantly less at 4.53 ± 4.11% (95% CI: 2.42%–6.64%). Specifically, the ratio FMD/SR (mean ± standard deviation),wasequalto5.36×10−4±4.64×10−4 (95%CI:3.54×10−4 to7.18×10−4)ingroupIand1.38×10−4±0.89×10−4 (95% CI: 0.70 × 10−4 to 2.06 × 10−4) in group II. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were confirmed by a Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test for both FMD and FMD/SR (p < 0.01). Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for FMD and FMD/SR were greater than 0.9. The results confirm the usefulness of the proposed measurements of radial artery FMD and SR in differentiation of normal patients from those with chronic coronary artery disease. (E-mail: ) © 2018 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. All rights reserved.

Słowa kluczowe:
Flow-mediated vasodilation, Radial artery, Shear rate, Reactive hyperemia, Endothelium, Pulsed doppler, Ultrasonography

Streszczenie:
Background:
There is a growing interest in the application of non-invasive clinical tools allowing one to assess the endothelial function, preceding atherosclerosis. The precision in estimating of the artery Flow Mediated Vasodilation (FMD) using standard 10-12 MHz linear array probes does not exceed 0.2 mm, far beyond that required.

Methods:
We have introduced a wide-band, high frequency 25-30 MHz, Golay encoded wobbling type imaging to measure dilation of the radial artery instead of the brachial one. 18 young volunteers, and 4 volunteers with cardiac events history, were examined. In the second approach 20 MHz linear scanning combined with 20 MHz pulsed Doppler attached to the linear array was used. The radial artery FMD was normalized using shear rate at the radial artery wall.

Results and Conclusions:
For the “healthy” group, the FMD resulting from reactive hyperemia response was over 20%; while in the “atherosclerotic” group, the FMD was at least twice as small, not exceeding 10%. The shear rate (SR) normalized FMDSR was in the range from 7.8 to 9.9 in arbitrary units, while in patients with minor cardiac history FMDSR was clearly lower, 6.8 to 7.6. The normalized FMDSR of radial artery RARR can be an alternative to the brachial FMD where the precision of measurements is lower and the diameter dilation does not exceed 7-10%.

Słowa kluczowe:
thick film transducers, atherosclerosis, flow mediated vasodilation

Streszczenie:
The article attempts to select an ultrasound system to assess of endothelium dysfunction-dependent flow mediated dilation (FMD) and shear rate (SR) in radial artery after several minutes of hyperaemia. Methods: We compare the effective axial resolution and Doppler sensitivity of the standard US working below 12 MHz and high frequency (close to 20 MHz) scanning systems measuring the vessel diameter and blood flow measurements in radial arteries. FMD and FMD and SR were measured in Control group of 14 healthy volunteers, and in 13 with stable coronary artery diseases (CAD). Results: In a laboratory experiment of imaging two closely spaced food plastic foils, over three times better axial resolution was demonstrated for the 20 MHz ultrasound system in which the resolution was close to 0.1 mm. Also the sensitivity of the external single 20 MHz pulse Doppler transducer proved to be over 20 dB better (in terms of signalto-noise ratio) than the pulse Doppler incorporated into the L14-5 linear array. FMD in Control group was in the range of 8÷16% with mean±sd equal to 12.13 ± 2.34%; in CAD group FMD was in the range of 0.1÷7 % with mean±sd equal to 3.01±2.18% which was significantly less. FMD/SR was equal to 3.08 ± 1.34 × 10–4 in Control group and 1.01 ± 0.76 × 10–4 in CAD group with ranges equal to 1.66 ÷ 7.8× 10–4 and 0.4 ÷ 2.4× 10–4, respectively. Conclusions: Increasing scanning and Doppler mode frequency to 20 MHz improved the precision of FMD and SR measurements. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were confirmed by statistical tests for FMD and FMD/SR with p-values < 0.05. The results obtained suggest the usefulness of the proposed ultrasonic system for measurements of FMD and SR in the radial artery to differentiate normal subjects from those with CAD.

Słowa kluczowe:
radial artery, shear rate, reactive hyperaemia, endothelium, pulsed Doppler

Streszczenie:
A novel high-frequency scanning system, with a 20-MHz linear array transducer combined with 20-MHz pulsed Doppler, was introduced to evaluate the degree of radial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and shear rate (SR)-normalized FMD (FMD/SR) after 5 min of reactive hyperaemia. In group I, comprising 27 healthy volunteers, FMD was 15 ± 4.8%, and in group II, comprising 17 patients with coronary artery disease, FMD was significantly smaller, being equal to 4.6 ± 4%. FMD/SR was equal to 5.365 ± 4.835·10-4 in group I and 1.3 ± 0.89·10-4 in group II. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were confirmed by Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for FMD and FMD/SR (p-values < 0.01). AUCs of ROC curves for FMD and FMD/SR were greater than 0.9. The results confirm the usefulness of the proposed measurements of radial artery FMD and SR in differentiation of normal subjects from those with atherosclerotic lesions.

Słowa kluczowe:
flow mediated vasodilation, radial artery, shear rate, reactive hyporaemia, endothelium, pulsed Doppler, ultrasonography.