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Streszczenie:
This paper presents advanced computer simulation of rock cutting process typical for excavation works in civil engineering. Theoretical formulation of the hybrid discrete/finite element model has been presented. The discrete and finite element methods have been used in different subdomains of a rock sample according to expected material behaviour, the part which is fractured and damaged during cutting is discretized with the discrete elements while the other part is treated as a continuous body and it is modelled using the finite element method. In this way, an optimum model is created, enabling a proper representation of the physical phenomena during cutting and efficient numerical computation. The model has been applied to simulation of the laboratory test of rock cutting with a single TBM (tunnel boring machine) disc cutter. The micromechanical parameters have been determined using the dimensionless relationships between micro- and macroscopic parameters. A number of numerical simulations of the LCM test in the unrelieved and relieved cutting modes have been performed. Numerical results have been compared with available data from in-situ measurements in a real TBM as well as with the theoretical predictions showing quite a good agreement. The numerical model has provided a new insight into the cutting mechanism enabling us to investigate the stress and pressure distribution at the tool–rock interaction. Sensitivity analysis of rock cutting performed for different parameters including disc geometry, cutting velocity, disc penetration and spacing has shown that the presented numerical model is a suitable tool for the design and optimization of rock cutting process.

Słowa kluczowe:
rock cutting, disc cutters, TBM, numerical model, discrete/finite element method, simulation

Streszczenie:
Comparative studies of different discrete element models of a rock-type material are presented. The discrete element formulation employs spherical particles with the cohesive interaction model combining linear elastic behaviour with brittle failure. Numerical studies consisted in simulation of the uniaxial compression test. Two cylindrical specimens with particle size distributions yielding different degree of heterogeneity have been used. Macroscopic response produced by different discrete element models has been compared. The main difference between the compared models consists in the evaluation of micromechanical constitutive parameters. Two approaches are compared. In the first approach, the contact stiffness and strength parameters depend on the local particle size, while in the second approach, global uniform contact parameters are assumed for all the contacting pairs in function of average geometric measures characterizing the particle assembly. The size dependent contact parameters are calculated as functions of geometric parameters characterizing each contacting particle pair. As geometric scaling parameters, the arithmetic and harmonic means, as well as the minimum of the radii of two contacting particles are considered. Two different models with size dependent contact parameters are formulated. The performance of these models is compared with that of the discrete element model with global uniform contact parameters. Equivalence between the models with size dependent and uniform contact parameters has been checked. In search of this equivalence, different methods of evaluation of global uniform parameters have been studied. The contact stiffness has been evaluated in terms of the average radius of the particle assembly or in terms of the averages of the arithmetic and harmonic means of the contact pair radii, the geometric parameters used in the evaluation of the contact stiffness in the size-dependent models. The uniform contact strengths have been determined as functions of the averages of radii squares, squares of arithmetic radii means or squares of minimum radii of the contacting pairs.

For the more homogenous specimen, the models with local size dependent parameters and models with global uniform parameters give similar response. The models with uniform parameters evaluated according to the averages of the geometric parameters used in the evaluation of local parameters ensure better agreement with the respective models with size-dependent parameters than the models with uniform parameters evaluated according to the particle radii. Simulations using the more heterogenous specimen reveal differences between the considered models. There are significant differences in stress–strain curves as well as in the failure pattern. The models with local size-dependent parameters are more sensitive to the change of heterogeneity than the model with global uniform parameters.

Słowa kluczowe:
Discrete element method, Brittle, Compression, Contact, Heterogeneity, Modelling

Streszczenie:
This paper presents numerical modelling of rock cutting processes. The model consists of a tool–rock system. The rock is modelled using the discrete element method, which is suitable to study problems of multiple material fracturing such as those involved in rock cutting. Both 2D and 3D models are considered in this work. The paper presents a brief overview of the theoretical formulation and calibration of the discrete element model by a methodology combining the dimensional analysis with simulation of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and indirect tension (Brazilian) tests. The rock cutting process with roadheader picks, which is typical for underground excavation, has been simulated. The results of the 2D and 3D analyses have been compared with one another, and numerical results have been compared with the available experimental data.

Słowa kluczowe:
Rock cutting, Roadheader, Discrete element method, Simulation, Numerical model

Streszczenie:
The paper presents advances in the discrete element modelling of underground excavation processes extending modelling possibilities as well as increasing computational efficiency. Efficient numerical models have been obtained using techniques of parallel computing and coupling the discrete element method with finite element method. The discrete element algorithm has been applied to simulation of different excavation processes, using different tools, TBMs and roadheaders. Numerical examples of tunnelling process are included in the paper, showing results in the form of rock failure, damage in the material, cutting forces and tool wear. Efficiency of the code for solving large scale geomechanical problems is also shown.

Słowa kluczowe:
Coupling, Discrete element method, Finite element method, Parallel computation, Tunnelling

Streszczenie:
We present a new computational model for predicting the effect of blast loading on structures. The model is based in the adaptive coupling of the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Discrete Element Method (DEM) for the accurate reproduction of multifracturing and failure of structures under blast loading. In the paper we briefly describe the basis of the coupled DEM/FEM technology and demonstrate its efficiency in its application to the study of the effect of blast loading on a masonry wall, a masonry tunnel and a double curvature dam.

Streszczenie:
Numerical studies of effect of parameter evaluation on a failure mode in discrete element models of rock materials have been performed. The discrete element formulation employs spherical particles with the cohesive interaction model combining linear elastic behaviour with brittle failure. Numerical studies consisted in simulation of the uniaxial compression test using a cylindrical specimen with particle size distributions characterized by high degree of heterogeneity. Two different approaches to evaluation of micromechanical constitutive parameters have been compared. In the first approach, the contact stiffness and strength parameters depend on the local particle size, while in the second approach, global uniform contact parameters are assumed for all the contacting pairs in function of average geometric measures characterizing the particle assembly. Significant differences in the failure pattern have been observed. The uniform constitutive parameters result in localized brittle-like fractures, while a distributed damage typical for a ductile failure is obtained for the model with local size-dependent parameters.

Słowa kluczowe:
discrete element method, rock, modelling, failure mode, brittle, compression, contact