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Piotrowski L.♦, Chmielewski M.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., On the application of magnetoelastic properties measurements for plastic level determination in martensitic steels,
Journal of Electrical Engineering-Elektrotechnicky Casopis, ISSN: 1335-3632, Vol.69, No.6, pp.502-506, 2018Abstract: The change in the dislocation density, induced by plastic deformation, influences strongly the magnetic domain structure inside the material. Being so, classic parameters, like the coercivity or magnetic permeability, can be a good measure of the deformation level, yet their reliable determination in a non-destructive way in industrial environment is problematic. The magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) which results from the non-180o domain walls (DW) movement in materials with non-zero magnetostriction can be used as an alternative. The intensity of the MAE signal changes strongly as a result of plastic deformation for both tensile and compressive deformation. It is however possible to discern those cases by analysing the changes in the shape of the MAE signal envelopes. The set of the martensitic steel samples (P91) deformed up to 10 % (for both tension and compression) was investigated. Due to geometrical limitations imposed by the special mounting system, enabling compression of the samples without buckling, had the shape resulting in low signal to noise (S/N) ratio. Being so the optimization of FFT filtering and wavelet analysis was performed in order to improve sensitivity of the proposed method of deformation level determination. Keywords: magnetic flux leakage, nondestructive testing, wavelet transform Affiliations:
Piotrowski L. | - | Gdansk University of Technology (PL) | Chmielewski M. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Kowalewski Z.L. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Makowska K.♦, Piotrowski L.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., Prediction of the Mechanical Properties of P91 Steel by Means of Magneto-acoustic Emission and Acoustic Birefringence,
JOURNAL OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, ISSN: 0195-9298, DOI: 10.1007/s10921-017-0421-9, Vol.36, No.2, pp.43-1-10, 2017Abstract: The paper describes an application of non-destructive volumetric magnetic and ultrasonic techniques for evaluation of the selected mechanical parameter variations of P91 steel having direct influence on its suitability for further use in critical components used in power plants. Two different types of deformation processes were carried out. First, a series of the P91 steel specimens was subjected to creep and second, one to plastic deformation in order to achieve the material with an increasing strain level up to 10%. Subsequently, non-destructive and destructive tests were performed. Magnetic methods based on measurements of magnetoacoustic emission and magnetic hysteresis loop changes as well as the ultrasonic method based on acoustic birefringence measurements, were applied. Finally, the static tensile tests were carried out in order to evaluate the mechanical parameters. It is shown that some relationships between the selected parameters coming from the non-destructive and destructive tests may be formulated. Keywords: Creep, Plastic deformation, Acoustic birefringence, Magnetoacoustic emission, Magnetic hysteresis loop Affiliations:
Makowska K. | - | Motor Transport Institute (PL) | Piotrowski L. | - | Gdansk University of Technology (PL) | Kowalewski Z.L. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Piotrowski L.♦, Chmielewski M.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., The Dominant Influence of Plastic Deformation Induced Residual Stress on the Barkhausen Effect Signal in Martensitic Steels,
JOURNAL OF NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, ISSN: 0195-9298, DOI: 10.1007/s10921-016-0389-x, Vol.36, pp.10-1-8, 2017Abstract: The paper presents the results of investigation of the influence of plastic deformation on the magnetic properties of martensitic steel (P91 grade). The properties of the hysteresis loops as well as of the Barkhausen effect (BE) signal are analysed for both tensile and compressive loading up to ε=10% of plastic deformation. The choice of the steel and of the deformation range is unique, since for such combination one can expect high residual stresses (both compressive and tensile) in the material that does not exhibit saturation of the BE intensity as a function of elastic stress. The obtained relationships show that for the low level of deformation the dislocation density changes may play a dominant role, yet for higher deformation level the residual stress becomes a dominant factor. It leads to the strong decrease of the BE signal for tensile deformation and an increase for the case of compression. It agrees well with the assumption that the tensile plastic deformation results in the compressive stresses appearance in the soft (magnetically active) sub-regions of the material whereas for the compression one can expect a residual stress of a tensile nature in those areas. Both deformation modes result in the increase of coercivity of the samples, yet the increase observed for the tensile deformation is significantly higher since both the residual compressive stress and increase of dislocation density have a strong effect on the material coercivity. The change of the hysteresis loops steepness agrees well with the notion of the dominant role of residual stresses too. Keywords: Barkhausen effect, Plastic deformation, Residual stress, Magnetic hysteresis, Coercivity Affiliations:
Piotrowski L. | - | Gdansk University of Technology (PL) | Chmielewski M. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Kowalewski Z.L. | - | IPPT PAN |
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Kukla D., Piotrowski L.♦, Szwed M.♦, Ocena twardości warstw nawęglanych i hartowanych indukcyjnie na stali AMS 6414 z zastosowaniem magnetycznych technik nieniszczących,
PRZEGLĄD SPAWALNICTWA, ISSN: 0033-2364, Vol.88, No.10, pp.46-50, 2016Abstract: Praca dotyczy oceny możliwości identyfikacji zmian twardości warstw nawęglanych i hartowanych indukcyjnie, z wykorzystaniem nieniszczących technik magnetycznych. Badania przeprowadzono na zestawie trzech próbek, ze stali AMS 6414, poddanych procesowi nawęglania, w atmosferze o różnym stężeniu węgla, a następnie hartowaniu oraz na próbce bez warstwy. Próbki z warstwami o różnej twardości (i stałej grubości - 1,2 mm) poddano badaniom technikami nieniszczącymi, z zastosowaniem prądów wirowych i analizy szumów Barkhausena. Badania metodą prądów wirowych polegały na ocenie zmian kąta fazowego uzyskanego w efekcie oddalenia od warstw o różnej twardości. Jednocześnie poddano analizie obwiednie sygnału Efektu Barkhausena. Wyniki tych badań pozwoliły zidentyfikować różnice w twardości próbek ze stali, z warstwą o różnym stężeniu węgla. W celu weryfikacji pomiarów metodami nieniszczącymi wykonano jakościowe i ilościowe badania mikroskopowe oraz rozkłady mikrotwardości na przekrojach próbek. Keywords: nawęglanie, warstwy hartowane indykacyjnie, szumy Barkhausena, prądy wirowe, profile mikrotwardości Affiliations:
Kukla D. | - | IPPT PAN | Piotrowski L. | - | Gdansk University of Technology (PL) | Szwed M. | - | Warsaw University of Technology (PL) |
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Makowska K.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., Augustyniak B.♦, Piotrowski L.♦, Determination of mechanical properties of P91 steel by means of magnetic Berkhausen emission,
JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS, ISSN: 1429-2955, Vol.52, No.1, pp.181-188, 2014Abstract: In this work, an attempt at determination of mechanical properties by means of a method based on magnetic Barkhausen emission measurements was proposed. The specimens made of P91 steel were subjected to creep or plastic flow which were interrupted after a range of selected time periods in order to achieve specimens with an increasing level of strain. Subsequently, measurements of magnetic Barkhausen emission were carried out, and then static tensile tests were performed in order to check variations of basic mechanical parameters. It is shown that evident relationships between the yield point /ultimate tensile strength and some parameters of the Barkhausen emission exist. Keywords: mechanical properties, magnetic Barkhausen effect, plastic strain Affiliations:
Makowska K. | - | Motor Transport Institute (PL) | Kowalewski Z.L. | - | IPPT PAN | Augustyniak B. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Piotrowski L. | - | Gdansk University of Technology (PL) |
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6. |
Augustyniak B.♦, Chmielewski M.♦, Piotrowski L.♦, Kiełczyński W.♦, Prokop K.♦, Kukla D.♦, Pomiar naprężeń własnych metodą Barkhausena za pomocą sondy z wirującym polem magnetycznym,
ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.11, pp.641-643, 2014Abstract: Efekt Barkhausena (EB) kojarzony jest z impulsami napięcia indukowanymi w cewce detekcyjnej zbliżonej do magnesowanej płyty. Typowa sonda efektu Barkhausena składa się z elektromagnesu jarzmowego (typu C) i cewki detekcyjnej z rdzeniem ferrytowym [1]. Natężenie efektu Barkhausena zależy od mikrostruktury (wielkości ziarna, morfologii wydzieleń i dyslokacji) oraz od poziomu naprężeń [2]. Magnesowanie jest łatwiejsze, gdy kierunek pola magnetycznego sondy zgodny jest z kierunkiem działania naprężeń rozciągających i trudniejsze, gdy magnesowany jest materiał poddany działaniu naprężeń ściskających. Pomiar naprężeń z wykorzystaniem efektu Barkhausena ma wiele zalet: krótki czas pomiaru (kilkanaście sekund), względnie proste przygotowanie powierzchni (usunięcie warstwy tlenków szlifierką oscylacyjną z papierem ściernym o gradacji powyżej 100). W celu określenia składowych płaskiego stanu naprężenia konieczne jest wyznaczenie rozkładu kątowego natężenia EB [2, 3]. W artykule opisano wyniki badań stanu naprężenia za pomocą nowo opracowanego aparatu wyposażonego w sondę, która generuje w badanym elemencie namagnesowanie o skokowo zmiennym kierunku magnesowania. Aparat ten umożliwia automatyczny pomiar rozkładów kątowych natężenia EB. Badania te są realizowane w ramach projektu NCBiR nr PBS1/A9/14/2012 pt. Opracowanie magnetycznej metody oceny stanu naprężeń w materiałach konstrukcyjnych zwłaszcza anizotropowych. Zdaniem Autorów jest to rozwiązanie o lepszych walorach użytkowych niż proponowane w poprzednich opracowaniach [4, 5]. Anizotropowość właściwości magnetycznych (wynikająca np. z tekstury struktury ziaren) ujawnia się w eliptycznym, a nie kołowym rozkładzie kątowym natężenia EB. Oczywista jest konieczność uwzględnienia tej anizotropii przy badaniu stanu naprężenia tą technika. Poniżej podano przykłady badania stanu naprężenia nowym układem dla złącz spawanych wykonanych z praktycznie izotropowej magnetycznie stali oraz dla stali z wyraźną anizotropią magnetyczną. Affiliations:
Augustyniak B. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Chmielewski M. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Piotrowski L. | - | Gdansk University of Technology (PL) | Kiełczyński W. | - | other affiliation | Prokop K. | - | other affiliation | Kukla D. | - | other affiliation |
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7. |
Augustyniak B.♦, Piotrowski L.♦, Chmielewski M.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., Comparative study with magnetic techniques of P91 and 13HMF steels properties subjected to fatigue tests,
Journal of Electrical Engineering-Elektrotechnicky Casopis, ISSN: 1335-3632, Vol.63, No.7, pp.15-18, 2012 | |
8. |
Augustyniak B.♦, Piotrowski L.♦, Chmielewski M.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., Właściwości magneto-akustyczne degradowanych próbek stali 13HMF oraz P91,
ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, Vol.24, pp.1-7, 2012 | |
9. |
Piotrowski L.♦, Augustyniak B.♦, Chmielewski M.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., On the possibility of application of magnetoacoustic emission for the assessment of plastic deformation level in ferrous materials,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, ISSN: 0018-9464, Vol.47, pp.1-5, 2011 | |
10. |
Kowalewski Z.L., Szelążek J., Augustyniak B.♦, Piotrowski L.♦, Makowska K.♦, Szymczak T.♦, Interdyscyplinarne techniki oceny stanu uszkodzenia stali stosowanych w energetyce,
ENERGETYKA, PROBLEMY ENERGETYKI I GOSPODARKI PALIWOWO-ENERGETYCZNEJ, ISSN: 0013-7294, No.11, pp.23-26, 2011 | |
11. |
Piotrowski L.♦, Augustyniak B.♦, Chmielewski M.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., Multiparameter analysis of the Barkhausen noise signal and its application for the assessment of a plastic deformation level in the 13HMF grade steel,
MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 0957-0233, Vol.21, No.11, pp.115702-1-7, 2010Abstract: The paper presents the results of multiparameter analysis of Barkhausen noise (BN) signal properties. In addition to the commonly used quantifiers of the BN signal, such as amplitude, integral of the BN envelope or results of pulse count analysis, we propose an additional analysis based on the change in magnetizing current amplitude. As it turns out the character of the change of the BN signal (as a function of the plastic deformation level) measured for various magnetizing currents differs significantly. Being so, a comparison of the results obtained for at least two magnetizing intensities gives a much better description of a plastic deformation level. In addition to that we observe two monotonic changes in the BN signal properties - a systematic shift of the BN signal peak position and the increase in the frequency for which the maximum in the BN FFT spectra occurs. Keywords: Barkhausen effect, plastic deformation, nondestructive evaluation Affiliations:
Piotrowski L. | - | Gdansk University of Technology (PL) | Augustyniak B. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Chmielewski M. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Kowalewski Z.L. | - | IPPT PAN |
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12. |
Augustyniak B.♦, Chmielewski M.♦, Piotrowski L.♦, Kowalewski Z.L., Comparison of properties of magnetoacoustic emission and mechanical Barkhausen effects for P91 steel after plastic flow and creep,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, ISSN: 0018-9464, DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2008.2002525, Vol.44, pp.3273-3276, 2008Abstract: The correlation between magnetoacoustic emission intensity and mechanical Barkhausen effect intensity has been tested in the case of P91 steel having different microstructure states due to either plastic flow at room temperature or speeded-up creep, performed under stress 290 MPa at temperature 773 K. The plastic strain range for the first set of samples has been from 2.0% up to 10.5% and for the second one from 0.85% up to 10.0%. Both effects revealed analogous monotonous decrease of their intensities as a function of resulting plastic strain. The decrease was higher for plastic flow than for creep. Those results are well consistent with results of tensile tests of the as damaged samples. Keywords: Magnetic properties, Mechanical factors, Steel, Plastics, Creep, Testing, Temperature distribution, Microstructure, Performance evaluation, Stress Affiliations:
Augustyniak B. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Chmielewski M. | - | Gdańsk University of Technology (PL) | Piotrowski L. | - | Gdansk University of Technology (PL) | Kowalewski Z.L. | - | IPPT PAN |
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