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Abstract:
Effective management of non-compressible hemorrhage remains a significant challenge in the field of biomaterials development. Although fluffy fiber sponges with strong hemostatic properties and excellent biocompatibility have been a promising solution, their fabrication has been rather complicated. This study presents a facile in situ deprotonation-induced direct electrospinning approach that enables the fabrication of three-dimensional Gelatin/Eudragit S100 (3D Gel/ES)-based fiber sponges. These sponges are equipped with multiple hemostatic-enhancing moieties to address non-compressible bleeding. The generated 3D sponges exhibit a fluffy texture composed of continuous and interconnected fibers. Results demonstrate a remarkable compressibility, exceptional porosity (>90 %), excellent water absorption capabilities (>2000 %), very low hemolytic rate (<0.1 %), and non-cytotoxic characteristics (cell viability > 85 %). Furthermore, their hemostatic response has been improved, especially by the incorporation of CaCO3. Consequently, activating the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade, along with the adhesion, enrichment, and activation properties of erythrocytes and platelets. In vivo analyses of hybrid fiber sponges confirm their superior hemostatic capabilities compared to traditional gauze and commercial sponge materials. This fabrication strategy is anticipated to open a new avenue for the development of next-generation advanced hemostatic 3D fiber sponge, specifically targeting rapid and effective hemostasis in mild-to-moderate bleeding.

Keywords:
3D hybrid fiber sponges, Deprotonated carboxylate, Gelatin, Electrospinning, Ca2+ ions, Hemostasis

Abstract:
A versatile, straightforward approach for direct fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) nanofibrous sponges via electrospinning is reported. The fabrication of porous 3D nanofibrous sponges is facilitated due to the protonation of dimethylamino ethyl (DMAE) groups in Eudragit E100 (EE). The generated 3D sponges are characterized by microscopy, thermal analysis, light scattering, and contact angle measurements to reveal their physicochemical properties. Additionally, antibacterial properties are confirmed via a colony-forming unit assay. Microscopy analysis demonstrated that the obtained nanofibers possessed uniform conformation without beads, and their overall diameter varies depending on the fraction of the blend composition. The protonation of DMAE groups is investigated via infrared spectroscopy and further confirmed via zeta potential measurements. The charged electrospun 3D sponges exhibited significant antibacterial properties, effectively combating E. coli even at a diluted extract of samples. Owing to their morphology, electrostatically charged surface, and significant antibacterial properties, these 3D nanofibrous sponges present themselves as an effective material for integration in filtering membranes or cartridges, which may minimize harmful substances suspended in the air.

Keywords:
electrospinning, antibacterial materials, 3D materials