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Abstract:
The coatings of tungsten borides (WBx) and tungsten borides doped with titanium (WyTi1−yBx) were deposited by using combined magnetron sputtering - pulsed laser deposition technique. In the case of WBx coatings, pure tungsten target was evaporated by a laser pulse at 1064 nm wavelength and pure boron target was sputtered by a magnetron. In the case of WyTi1−yBx coatings, the W2B5 target was sputtered by the magnetron and titanium target was evaporated by the laser pulse at 1064 nm wavelength. The content of titanium dopant changed from 1.1 to 5.5 at.%. The microstructure, chemical and phase composition of deposited coatings were investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffractometry, respectively. The Vickers hardness and Young's modulus were determined by using the nanoindentation test. Nanocrystalline WB coatings with dominant WB2 phase were obtained at a substrate temperature of 520 °C. The coatings were superhard with a hardness of 47–50 GPa and the mean value of surface roughness was <6 nm. The WBx coatings doped with 5.5 at.% Ti had hardness similar to the coatings sputtered by magnetron from W2B5 target.

Keywords:
The superhard WyBx thin films was deposited with hybrid laser-magnetron technology, The MS-PLD method allows for the deposition of ternary borides such as WyTi1−yBx, The MS-PLD method enables to control the chemical and phase composition of films, The deposited films are smooth with hardness above 50 GPa, Crystalline films were deposited only on a substrate kept an elevated temperature

Abstract:
In this paper, small punch test (SPT) which is one of miniaturized samples technique, was employed to characterize the mechanical properties of carbon steel P110. The tests were carried out in the range of –175°C to RT. Results obtained for SPT were compared to those calculated for tensile and Charpy impact test. Based on tensile and SPT parameters numerical model was prepared. 8 mm in diameter and 0.8 mm in height (t) discs with and without notch were employed in this research. The specimens had different depth notch (a) in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 mm. It was estimated that α factor for comparison of Tsp and DBTT for carbon steel P110 is 0.55 and the linear relation is DBTT = 0.55TSPT. The numerical model fit with force - deflection curve of SPT. If the factor of notch depth and samples thickness is higher than 0.3 the fracture mode is transformed from ductile to brittle at -150°C.

Keywords:
small punch test, carbon steel P110, small samples, low temperature, mechanical properties

Abstract:
Tungsten borides belong to the group of potentially superhard materials which hardness could be compared to cubic boron nitride and diamond. However, difficulty in fabrication of single phase material using conventional methods is the main drawback of this group of ceramics. In order to overcome this problem material can be deposited as a thin layer e.g. in the pulsed laser deposition process. In this paper, the effect of laser wavelength and energy density of nanosecond Nd:YAG laser on the WBx-type layers were analyzed using wavelengths 355 and 1064 nm with the energy density of laser beam from 1.7 to 5 J/cm2 and from 1.7 to 9.3 J/cm2, respectively. The WB2.5 and WB4.5 targets synthesized in Spark Plasma Sintering process were used and the layers were deposited onto Si (100) substrate heated to a temperature of 570 °C. Layers' microstructure were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Change of laser wavelength and energy density resulted in variations of the chemical composition and morphology of deposited layers. Finally, W2B-βWB, αWB-WB-WB3 and WB3, and boron layers were deposited wherein WB3 structure is formed in a wide range of laser fluences and at both investigated wavelength. Next, WB3 layers were investigated in the indentation test at a load of 5–30 mN and its hardness was up to 50 ± 10 GPa

Keywords:
Pulsed laser deposition, Super-hard materials, Tungsten borides, Tungsten triboride

Abstract:
The most promising areas of research of new super-hard materials are transition metal borides. These materials are one of the candidates for future superhard layers that will be competitive to DLC and c-BN layers. In this paper MoB-type tungsten boride (WB) layers were examined. WB layers have been deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on Silicon (100), 304 stainless steel (SS 304) and Inconel 601 substrates. Measured thickness of herein prepared layers was about 1 µm, and all studied samples were dense, uniform and smooth. Surface investigation was performed by using an optical profilometer, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The structure analysis was examined by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Results from the XRD and TEM analysis showed that WB layers were dominated by (101) reflection and indicated a fine grain structure with a grain size of 20–40 nm. The effect of target sputtering power and ambient gas pressure was investigated. The hardness of WB layers deposited on silicon substrate was compared under the load from 1 mN to 5 mN. The hardness of WB layers deposited on SS 304 and Inconel was measured up to 50 mN. All layers of WB revealed excellent hardness exceeding 40 GPa.

Keywords:
Borides, Nanohardness, RF magnetron sputtering, Superhard layers, Tungsten boride

Abstract:
Rhenium diboride (ReB2) thin films have been deposited by a nanosecond pulsed laser deposition method on Si (100) substrate heated to 570°C. The coatings were formed in the ablation process of SPS sintered ReB2 target. The effect of laser wavelength, energy density and postannealing on the films' properties was studied. Investigated wavelengths were 355 and 1064 nm of Nd:YAG nanosecond laser. Laser beam energy density varied from 2.1 to 6.1 J cm− 2 and from 4.1 to 9.4 J cm− 2 at 355 and 1064 nm, respectively. Layer thickness was of the order of several hundred nanometres. Deposition efficiency increases with an energy density in quasi linear way and strongly grows for shorter wavelength. The layers consist of two characteristic microstructures: a smooth basis and stick debris (typical diameters of several hundred nanometres). Lower energy density of laser beam and longer wavelength favour dominance of smooth basis and minimization of debris. The XRD analysis of all samples indicate the crystalline ReB2 with preferred (002) orientation and fine grain size of about 20 nm. Shorter wavelength and higher energy density foster stronger (002) orientation. Moreover, an annealing right after the deposition (25 min in 350°C) causes minimization of degree of orientation and decrease of hardness. The Vickers hardness of ReB2 films is at about 60 GPa and is reduced to about 40 GPa after the annealing process. Deposition efficiency and physical and chemical structures of layers produced under variety of conditions were studied and compared.

Keywords:
Ceramics ablation, Pulsed laser deposition, Rhenium diboride, ReB2 optical properties, Super-hard films, Wavelength influence

Abstract:
In answer to research interest in production of super hard coatings prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, Rhenium Diboride was taken under consideration. PLD is characteristic by necessity to define deposition parameters best for particular substance. ReB2 coatings were prepared with the use of 355 nm and 1064 nm wavelengths of Nd:YAG laser and the influence of laser wavelength on those films preparation was investigated. Deposition efficiency increased with shorter wavelength, however layer’s smoothness was better for longer wavelength. The XRD analysis shows crystalline ReB2 character of achieved samples.

Keywords:
pulsed laser deposition, rhenium diboride