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Abstract:
Multifunctional polyurethane shape memory polymers (PU-SMPs) have been of increasing interest in various applications. Here we report structure characterization, detailed methodology, and obtained results on the identification of functional properties of a thermoset PU-SMP (MP4510) with glass transition temperature of 45 C. The stable, chemically crosslinked network of this thermoset PU-SMP results in excellent shape memory behavior. Moreover, the proximity of the activation temperature range of this smart polymer to room and body temperature enables the PU-SMP to be used in more critical industrial applications, namely fast-response actuators. The thermomechanical behavior of a shape memory polymer determines the engineering applications of the material. Therefore, investigation of the shape memory behavior of this class of commercial PU-SMP is of particular importance. The conducted structural characterization confirms its shape memory properties. The shape fixity and shape recovery properties were determined by a modified experimental approach, considering the polymer’s sensitivity to external conditions, i.e., the temperature and humidity variations. Three thermomechanical cycles were considered and the methodology used is described in detail. The obtained shape fixity ratio of the PU-SMP was approximately 98% and did not change significantly in the subsequent cycles of the thermomechanical loading due to the stability of chemical crosslinks in the thermoset materials structure. The shape recovery was found to be approximately 90% in the first cycle and reached a value higher than 99% in the third cycle. The results confirm the effect of the thermomechanical training on the improvement of the PU-SMP shape recovery after the first thermomechanical cycle as well as the effect of thermoset material stability on the repeatability of the shape memory parameters quantities.

Keywords:
polyurethane shape memory polymer, thermomechanical loading program, shape fixity, shape recovery

Abstract:
Advanced subjects in mechanical properties of shape memory alloys and polymers are discussed. In the subloop loading under a stress-controlled condition of the shape memory alloy, the transformation-induced stress relaxation appears due to variation in temperature. The enhancement of corrosion and corrosion fatigue life of the shape memory alloy is discussed. The development of a functionally-graded shape memory alloy and polymer is expected to obtain better performance. Three-way motion appears in the shape memory composite with the shape memory alloy and polymer.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, shape memory polymer, functionally-graded shape memory material, shape memory composite

Abstract:
In order to develop the reciprocating rotary driving actuator with a simple mechanism using shape memory alloy (SMA) tapes, the graphical method to design the actuator was proposed based on the torsional deformation properties of SMA tapes. The torsional deformation properties of the SME tape showing the shape memory effect (SME) and the SE tape showing superelasticity (SE) were obtained. The bias-type reciprocating rotary actuator was composed of the pretwisted SME tape and the flat SE tape in series. The design chart expressed by the relationship between torque and twisting angle of the SME tape and the SE tape was proposed. The rotational angle and torque, which vary depending on temperature, can be estimated based on the design chart. The rotational angle is controlled by adjusting the mounting angle of the SME tape and the heating temperature. The automatically opening and closing blind driven by sunlight was demonstrated. The blind was controlled by using the reciprocating rotary element composed of the SME tape and the SE tape. The behavior of the blind can be achieved based on the proposed design method of the reciprocating rotary driving element

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, tape, torsion, actuator, reciprocating rotation, design chart, bias-type

Abstract:
A shape-memory alloy (SMA) is expected to be applied as intelligent or smart material since it shows the functional characteristics of the shape memory effect and superelasticity. Most SMA elements, with these characteristics, perform cyclic motions. In these cases, the fatigue property of SMA is one of the most important issues in view of evaluating functional characteristics of SMA elements. The fatigue properties are complex since they depend on stress, strain, temperature and their hysteresis. If an SMA is implanted with high-energy ions, the thermomechanical properties of the material may change, resulting in long fatigue life. In the present study, the nitrogen ion implantation was applied to modify the surface of a TiNi SMA tape and the influence of implantation treatment on the bending fatigue properties was investigated.

Keywords:
shape-memory alloy, titanium-nickel alloy, superelasticity, nitrogen ion implantation, fatigue, bending

Abstract:
The transformation-induced stress relaxation and stress recovery of TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) in stress-controlled subloop loading were investigated based on the local variation in temperature and transformation band on the surface of the tape in the tension test. The results obtained are summarized as follows. (1) In the loading process, temperature increases due to the exothermic martensitic transformation (MT) until the holding strain and thereafter temperature decreases while holding the strain constant, resulting in stress relaxation due to the MT; (2) In the unloading process, temperature decreases due to the endothermic reverse transformation until the holding strain and thereafter temperature increases while holding the strain constant, resulting in stress recovery due to the reverse transformation; (3) Stress varies markedly in the initial stage followed by gradual change while holding the strain constant; (4) If the stress rate is high until the holding strain in the loading and unloading processes, both stress relaxation and stress recovery are large; (5) It is important to take into account this behavior in the design of SMA elements, since the force of SMA elements varies even if the atmospheric temperature is kept constant.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, superelasticity, titanium-nickel alloy, subloop, stress relaxation, stress recovery, martensitic transformation

Abstract:
TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) was subjected to tension at strain-controlled test on quasistatic testing machine. The nucleation, development, and saturation of the stress-induced martensitic transformation were investigated, taking into account the obtained dependency of mechanical parameters and the specimen temperature changes measured by an infrared camera (IR). Three kinds of data obtained by the IR system were analyzed: the temperature distribution on the SMA sample surface, the temperature changes derived as average from the chosen sample area, and the temperature profiles obtained along the sample length. The temperature distribution shows nucleation of the transformation process and a creation of the transformation bands. The average temperature reflects the effects of thermomechanical coupling, accompanying exothermic martensitic forward and endothermic reverse transformation. The temperature profiles revealed the temperature difference between the band and the rest of the sample. The experimental results were supported with finite element method numerical analysis (FEM). The FEM software components for structural and heat transfer problems, coupled in partitioned approach, were used for thermomechanical analysis.

Keywords:
finite element modeling, infrared camera, material testing, martensitic transformation, TiNi shape memory alloy, tension, thermomechanical couplings

Abstract:
A shape memory alloy (SMA) is expected to be applied as intelligent material since it shows the unique characteristics of the shape memory effect and superelasticity. Most SMA elements, with these characteristics, perform cyclic motions. In these cases, fatigue of SMA is one of the important properties in view of evaluating functional characteristics. The fatigue properties are complex since they depend on stress, strain, temperature and time. If SMA is implanted by high energy ions, the thermomechanical properties may change, resulting in long fatigue life. In the present study, the nitrogen ion implantation was applied to modify TiNi SMA wire surface and the influence of implantation treatment on the tensile deformation and bending fatigue properties was investigated.

Keywords:
shape memory effect, titanium-nickel alloy, nitrogen ion implantation, superelasticity, fatigue

Abstract:
If a shape memory alloy (SMA) is subjected to the subloop loading under the stress-controlled condition, creep and creep recovery can appear based on the martensitic transformation. In the design of SMA elements, these deformation properties are important since the deflection of SMA elements can change under constant load. The conditions for the progress of the martensitic transformation are discussed based on the kinetics of the martensitic transformation for the SMA. The creep deformation properties are investigated experimentally for TiNi SMA. The creep strain rate increases in proportion to the martensitic transformation strain; the creep recovery strain rate increases in proportion to the reverse transformation strain.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, superelasticity, subloop, transformation band, creep, creep recovery, strain rate, local deformation

Abstract:
In this study, the thermomechanical coupling effects accompanying stress-induced martensitic transformation in TiNi shape memory alloy subjected to compression test were investigated. The mechanical characteristics were elaborated and the temperature changes related to the exothermic martensitic forward transformation and the endothermic reverse one were measured in a contactless manner by a fast and sensitive infrared camera. The obtained temperature changes of the specimen depend on the strain rate applied. At higher strain rate, greater temperature changes were observed, because the heat flow to the surroundings was lower and the process was closer to adiabatic conditions. The temperature changes of the shape memory alloy significantly influence its stressstrain characteristics. Moreover, the energy dissipated during a compression cycle was calculated for various strain rates. The study revealed that both the loading work and recoverable strain energy increase with increasing strain rate, while the dissipated energy fraction decreases.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, compression test, exothermic/endothermic transformation, infrared camera, energy dissipation

Abstract:
This paper investigates the superelastic deformation behaviors of a TiNi shape-memory alloy (SMA) tape subjected to various subloop loadings in relation to local temperature variations and observed surface changes during a tension test. The results obtained are: (1) Upper and lower stress plateaus appear during loading and unloading accompanying the spreading and shrinking of the stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) bands. In the case of unloading from the upper stress plateau under low stress rate, strain increases due to the spreading of the SIMT bands at the start of the unloading. (2) If stress at the upper stress plateau is held constant, creep deformation appears with the spread of the SIMT bands. The volume fraction in the martensitic phase increases in proportion to the increase in strain. (3) Where the strain is made to vary at the stress plateaus during loading or unloading, a return point memory effect can be seen in the reloading stress-strain curve. The spreading or shrinking of the SIMT bands starts from the boundary of the previous SIMT bands remaining from the preceding process. (4) The inclination angle of the SIMT band boundaries to the tensile axis of the tape is 33° for an aspect ratio of 5. The inclination angle is 42° in the center of the tape and 37° in the vicinity of the end secured by the grip, for an aspect ratio of 10.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, superelasticity, titanium-nickel alloy, subloop, transformation band, creep deformation, local deformation

Abstract:
TiNi shape memory alloy (SMA) specimens have been subjected to tension carried out at various strain rates. The goal was to investigate a nucleation and development of the stressinduced martensitic transformation by infrared (IR) and acoustic emission (AE) techniques. Therefore, both the infrared radiation and acoustic emission data were recorded using a fast infrared camera and acoustic emission set-up, respectively. It has been shown that the initial, macroscopically homogeneous transformation initiates in the elastic stage of the deformation even before the stress-strain curve knee and formation of the localized transformation bands. It has also been found that the homogeneous transformation occurs at similar stress level for all strain rates applied, while the localized martensitic transformation depends on the strain rate. Nucleation and development of the localized transformation bands, detected by the infrared camera, were confirmed by acoustic emission technique. The differences between the IR and AE activities were recorded during the TiNi SMA loading and unloading process, manifesting different dynamics of the stress-induced martensitic forward and reverse transformation.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, TiNi, superelasticity, martensitic transformation, tension test, acoustic emission

Abstract:
The various subloop behaviors for the superelastic deformation of TiNi shape memory alloy were investigated based on the local temperature variation and the surface observation in the tension test. The results obtained are summarized as bellows. (1) The upper and lower stress plateaus during loading and unloading appear accompanying the progress and reduction of the martensitic transformation (MT) band, respectively. In the case of unloading from the upper stress plateau under low stress rate, strain increases due to the progress of the MT band in the initial stage of unloading. (2) If stress is held constant in the upper stress plateau, creep deformation appears. The creep deformation appears based on the progress of the MT band. The volume fraction of the martensitic phase increases in proportion to an increase in strain. (3) If the transformation strain varies in the stress plateau during loading and unloading, the return point memory appears in the reloading stress-strain curve. The progress and reduction of the MT band start from the boundary of the MT band which has appeared in the preceding process. (4) The angle of boundary of the MT band inclined to the tensile axis is 33° for an aspect ratio of 5 and 42° in the central part of the specimen and 37° in the vicinity of the gripping part for an aspect ratio of 10.

Keywords:
Shape Memory Alloy, Superelasticity, Titanium-Nickel Alloy, Subloop, Transformation Band, Creep Deformation

Abstract:
This work compares the thermomechanical behavior of TiNi shape memory alloy subjected to the compression test performed under various strain rates. The mechanical characteristics of the material were elaborated. The specimen temperature changes related to the exothermic martensitic forward and endothermic reverse transformation were measured in a contact-less manner by a very fast and sensitive infrared camera. It has been found that in this experimental conditions the stress-induced transformation and reorientation processes occurred homogeneously, since the temperature distribution observed on the specimen surface was uniform. The obtained temperature variation depends on the strain rate applied. At the higher strain rate the higher temperature changes were obtained, because the heat flow to the surroundings was lower and the process was closer to adiabatic conditions. The temperature changes influence significantly the SMA stress-strain curves and their mechanical properties.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, various strain rates, compression tests, exothermic martensitic forward, endothermic reverse transformation, fast and sensitive infrared camera

Abstract:
W ramach pracy przeprowadzono bilans energetyczny poliuretanu z pamięcią kształtu PU-SMP o temperaturze zeszklenia Tg = 25 °C w procesie rozciągania. Celem było oszacowanie ilości pracy mechanicznej niezbędnej do odkształcenia, ilości energii dyssypowanej oraz energii zmagazynowanej, tj. ukrytej w elementach zmienionej struktury tego polimeru. Dla wyższej prędkości odkształcania otrzymano wyższe wartości pracy zużytej na odkształcenie nieodwracalne oraz wyższe wartości ciepła dyssypowanego. Przeprowadzona analiza energetyczna procesu odkształcania wykazała, że praca zużyta na odkształcenie nieodwracalne nie magazynuje się w PU-SMP, tylko dysypuje. Może to mieć związek ze specyficzną budową polimeru z pamięcią kształtu, potwierdzoną przez badania strukturalne i odpowiadającą za jego właściwości.

Abstract:
One of the main materials which have activated the research on the smart materials is shape memory alloy (SMA). The main characteristics of SMA are the shape memory effect (SME) and superelasticity (SE). In a recent study using the torsional deformation of a TiNi SMA tube, twist in the blades of rotary aircraft was investigated in order to improve the flight performance. In practical applications making use of SMA tapes, torsional deformation can be obtained simply by gripping both ends without any mechanical process. In the present study, in order to develop the rotary driving actuators of SMA tapes, the torsional deformation properties of TiNi SMA tapes are investigated. The graphical method to design the two-way rotary driving actuator by using torsional deformation of SMA tapes is proposed.

Keywords:
Shape memory alloy, torsion, rotary driving, actuator

Abstract:
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are remarkable materials characterized by the thermomechanical properties of shape memory effect and superelasticity. Since the properties like these characteristics are highly conducive to the functions of smart materials, their applications have attracted worldwide attention. The functional properties of an SMA appear based on the martensitic transformation (MT). Research up to now in this area has been mainly concerned with a full loop (or perfect loop) of the MT completion. However, in practical applications, temperature and stress are likely to vary in various ranges. If SMA elements are subjected to loads with a subloop (or partial loop, internal loop) in which temperature or stress varies in an incomplete MT range, the conditions for the start and finish of the MT as in a full loop are not satisfied. The present paper investigates superelastic deformation behaviors of TiNi alloy in various subloop loading conditions, in particular the dependence of the subloop deformation on the loading rate, and the characteristics of transformation-induced creep in the stress plateau region under constant stress.

Keywords:
Shape memory alloy, subloop deformation, temperature distribution, pseudoelastic behaviour

Abstract:
The mechanism of exhibiting shape memory property in polymer is different from that observed in shape memory alloy, since the crystallographic phase transformation does not occur in polymers. The functional characteristics of shape memory polymer (SMP), e.g. rigidity, elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion, change significantly above and below its glass transition temperature (Tg) due to molecular motion of the polymer chains which differs drastically below and above Tg. These properties allow to apply SMP in biomedical, textile, housing, transportation, aviation industries. A goal of this paper is to discuss selected results of the SMP investigation and demonstrate how significantly its mechanical properties change in various conditions; influence of temperature, strain rate and loading history were taken into consideration.

Keywords:
Shape memory polymer, tensile test, strain rate, temperature change

Abstract:
If the shape memory alloy (SMA) is subjected to the subloop loading under the stress- or strain-controlled condition, transformationinduced creep or relaxation can appear based on the martensitic transformation (MT). In the design of SMA elements, these deformation properties are important since the deflection or force of SMA elements can change under constant load or constant strain. The conditions for the progress of the MT are discussed based on the kinetics of the MT for the SMA. The creep and relaxation properties are investigated experimentally for TiNi SMA. If the stress is kept constant at the upper stress plateau after loading with a high strain or stress rate up to the stress-holding start strain, the transformation-induced creep occurs due to the spread of the stress-induced martensitic transformation process. If the strain is kept constant at the upper stress plateau after loading with a high stress rate, the transformation-induced relaxation appears due to the exothermic MT until the holding strain and thereafter temperature decreases while holding the strain constant.

Keywords:
shape memory alloy, superelasticity, transformation-induced creep, transformation-induced relaxation

Abstract:
Shape memory polymers (SMP) are new unique and attractive materials which demonstrate shape memory properties. It means that the materials, as a result of an external stimulus such as temperature, can recover their original (permanent) shape from deformed (temporary) shape. The mechanical characteristics of SMP, e.g. the elastic modulus and the yield stress, change significantly below and above their glass transition temperature Tg. It can be explained by differences of molecular motion of the polymer chains below and above Tg [1, 2]. Two phenomena due to this can be observed in the SMP. The first one is a shape fixity which means that it is possible to fix a temporary shape by cooling the deformed SMP below Tg. The second phenomenon, called a shape recovery, denotes the property that the original shape, changed due to deformation, is recovered during subsequent heating above the SMP Tg temperature. Preliminary estimation of these two parameters, crucial to assess SMP potential applications, is the subject of this paper [1].

Keywords:
Shape memory polymers, elastic modulus, yield stress, glass transition temperature, shape fixity, shape recovery