1. |
Lisowski P., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Osial M., Bochenek K., Denis P., Glinicki M. A., Power ultrasound-assisted enhancement of granulated blast furnace slag reactivity in cement paste,
CEMENT AND CONCRETE COMPOSITES, ISSN: 0958-9465, DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105781, Vol.154, No.105781, pp.1-19, 2024Abstract: This paper introduces a first-time investigation into the impact of power ultrasound (PUS)-assisted preparation on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of cement-granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) composite pastes. Pastes containing deposited GFBS with varying particle size fractions, partially replacing Portland cement, were prepared using PUS (ultrasonic horn tip, 20 kHz, 700 W) in pulse mode in a vertical jacketed glass sonoreactor with closed-circuit cooling. Cement paste incorporating 20 wt.% GBFS as mass substitution with varying particle size fractions was characterized by several physicochemical techniques at different curing ages. Exploring the cement and GBFS interaction induced by PUS, the compressive and flexural strength, the elastic modulus and indentation hardness, the heat of hardening, the mineral composition of hydration products, and the specific surface area BET were evaluated for a curing time of up to 28 days. The grain size distribution of GFBS and the reaction mixture's pH were measured. Both mechanical properties, heat of hydration and nanoporosity exhibited strong sensitivity to PUS treatment. Sonofragmentation of GBFS particles (especially the 125–250 μm fraction) increased with increasing sonication time, resulting in a relative increase of fraction <63 μm and a decrease of fraction >125 μm by 275 % and 60 %, respectively. Using the obtained SEM-EDS data, a simplified mechanism is proposed to explain the effects induced by PUS treatment. Keywords: Power ultrasound treatment, Portland cement, Granulated blast furnace slag, Early strength development, C-S-H/C-A-S-H, Seeding effect Affiliations:
Lisowski P. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Osial M. | - | IPPT PAN | Bochenek K. | - | IPPT PAN | Denis P. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M. A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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2. |
Jaskulski R.♦, Liszka K.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Multifaceted Analysis of the Thermal Properties of Shielding Cement-Based Composites with Magnetite Aggregate,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma17122936, Vol.17, No.2936, pp.1-19, 2024Abstract: The paper presents and discusses the results of a study of the thermal properties of cement composites with different contents of magnetite aggregate (0%, 20%, 40% and 60% by volume). The effect of grain size on the evaluated thermal properties was also investigated. For this purpose, concrete containing 50% by volume of magnetite aggregate with four different fractions (1–2 mm, 2–4 mm, 4–8 mm and 8–16 mm) was used. Thermal parameters were evaluated on specimens fully saturated with water and dried to a constant mass at 65 °C. The series with varying grain sizes of magnetite achieved thermal conductivity values in the range of 2.76–3.03 W/(m·K) and 2.00–2.21 W/(m·K) at full water saturation and after drying to a constant mass, respectively. In the case of the series with 20% magnetite by volume, the thermal conductivity was 2.65 W/(m·K) and 1.99 W/(m·K) for the material fully saturated with water and dried to a constant mass, respectively. The series with a 60% volume share of magnetite obtained values of this parameter of 3.47 W/(m·K) and 2.66 W/(m·K), respectively, under the same assumptions. Keywords: shielding concrete, thermal properties, magnetite aggregate Affiliations:
Jaskulski R. | - | other affiliation | Liszka K. | - | other affiliation | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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3. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Jaskulski R.♦, Dziedzic K., Brachaczek A., Jarząbek D.♦, Initial Characteristics of Alkali–Silica Reaction Products in Mortar Containing Low-Purity Calcined Clay,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma17102207, Vol.17, No.10, pp.1-15, 2024Abstract: An alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a chemical process that leads to the formation of an expansive gel, potentially causing durability issues in concrete structures. This article investigates the properties and behaviour of ASR products in mortar with the addition of low-purity calcined clay as an additional material. This study includes an evaluation of the expansion and microstructural characteristics of the mortar, as well as an analysis of the formation and behaviour of ASR products with different contents of calcined clay. Expansion tests of the mortar beam specimens were conducted according to ASTM C1567, and a detailed microscopic analysis of the reaction products was performed. Additionally, their mechanical properties were determined using nanoindentation. This study reveals that with an increasing calcined clay content, the amount of the crystalline form of the ASR gel decreases, while the nanohardness increases. The Young’s modulus of the amorphous ASR products ranged from 5 to 12 GPa, while the nanohardness ranged from 0.41 to 0.67 GPa. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of how the incorporation of low-purity calcined clay influences the ASR in mortar, providing valuable insights into developing sustainable and durable building materials for the construction industry. Keywords: alkali–silica reaction, ASR products, calcined clay, mortar, expansion Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Jaskulski R. | - | other affiliation | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Brachaczek A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jarząbek D. | - | other affiliation |
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4. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Choinska C.♦, Brachaczek A., Dąbrowski M., Ośko J.♦, Kuć M.♦, Gas permeability and gamma ray shielding properties of concrete for nuclear applications,
NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN, ISSN: 0029-5493, DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2024.113616, Vol.429, No.113616, pp.1-14, 2024Abstract: Concrete used in nuclear applications faces significant durability challenges due to degradation from radiation, thermal stresses, and chemical reactions. These issues highlight the critical need for impermeable concrete shields to prevent radioactive leaks and protect against harmful radiation. This study examines how concrete composition affects gas permeability and gamma radiation shielding properties. Three coarse aggregates—amphibolite (reference), magnetite, and serpentine—and two cement types (ordinary and slag) were tested, with concrete densities ranging from 2309 to 3538 kg/m3. Gas permeability was measured using a Cembureau-type constant head permeameter, and gamma shielding was assessed through the linear attenuation coefficient (µ) and half-value layer (HVL) at 137Cs decay energies. The results revealed significant variations in gas permeability and gamma ray shielding based on aggregate and cement type, with observable relationships between gas permeability, HVL, and concrete density. The results obtained from the presented research will contribute to increasing the safety, durability and cost-effectiveness of concrete constructions and maintenance of nuclear facilities. Keywords: Heavyweight aggregate, Hydrogen-bearing aggregate, Shielding concrete, Gas permeability, Gamma ray attenuation, Microstructure, ITZ Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Choinska C. | - | other affiliation | Brachaczek A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Ośko J. | - | other affiliation | Kuć M. | - | other affiliation |
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5. |
Glinicki M. A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Brandt A., Diagnostics of premature damage to surface-hardened industrial concrete floors,
CEMENT, WAPNO, BETON, ISSN: 1425-8129, DOI: 10.32047/CWB.2023.28.6.4, Vol.28, No.6, pp.409-427, 2024Abstract: The article presents the diagnostic results on surface-hardened industrial concrete floors. Selected examples of floors showcased premature damage to surface layers, characterized by intense dusting, delamination, and local spalling, while the structural system remained unaffected. Quantitative petrographic analysis of concrete was applied to core specimens from the floors, involving the examination of digital images from a polarizing optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The hardening compound and powdered specimens of the cement matrix were characterized using differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. A multiple microindentation method was employed to assess local variations in mechanical properties. Concrete cross-section analysis revealed areas with a non-uniform distribution of air voids, identified regions exhibiting increased porosity, highlighted areas of cracking in the concrete, indicated local variability in the phase composition of cement hydration products, and pointed out the presence of carbonated areas. The causes of the damage were discussed based on these findings,. The crucial role of quantitative petrographic analysis in diagnosing premature surface damage to industrial floors was demonstrated. Keywords: concrete, delamination, quantitative microscopy, porosity, industrial floors, dusting, surface hardening Affiliations:
Glinicki M. A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Brandt A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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6. |
Glinicki M. A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Brandt A., Dziedzic K., Ilościowa charakterystyka mikrostruktury betonu w diagnostyce powierzchniowych uszkodzeń posadzki przemysłowej / Quantitative assessment of concrete microstructure in tlie diagnosis of surface damage to industrial floor,
INŻYNIERIA I BUDOWNICTWO, ISSN: 0021-0315, DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0054.7476, Vol.80, No.6, pp.400-404, 2024Abstract: Przedstawiono wyniki oceny diagnostycznej posadzki przemysłowej przy wykorzystaniu metodyki ilościowej oceny mikrostruktury betonu. Objawy uszkodzeń obejmowały pylenie powierzchniowe i delaminację warstwy utwardzonej. Przeprowadzono analizę petrograficzną składu betonu w próbkach-odwiertach. Zaobserwowano nadmierne napowietrzenie betonu, gromadzenie się porów powietrznych i występowanie ukierunkowanych spękań, miejscową zmienność składu fazowego produktów hydratacji cementu, w tym występowanie obszarów o intensywnej karbonatyzacji, co wpływało na przedwczesne uszkodzenia powierzchniowe.
Diagnostic assessment of industrial floor using the methodology of quantitative evaluation of concrete microstructure is presented. Symptoms of damage included surface dusting and delamination of the top layer. A petrographic analysis of the concrete composition in core specimens was carried out. Excessive air content, accumulation of air voids and the occurrence of oriented cracks, local variability of the phase composition of cement hydration products, including the occurrence of carbonated areas were observed and associated with the premature surface damage. Keywords: delaminacja, mikroskopia ilościowa, porowatość, posadzki betonowe, utwardzenie powierzchniowe, delamination, quantitative microscopy, porosity, concrete floors, surface hardening Affiliations:
Glinicki M. A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Brandt A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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7. |
Antolik A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., ASR induced by chloride- and formate-based deicers in concrete with non-reactive aggregates,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132811, Vol.400, No.132811, pp.1-13, 2023Abstract: Despite ongoing efforts to prevent the damaging effects of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete structures, this phenomenon still exists and causes significant degradation. This study aims to investigate the role of various deicing agents in provoking ASR by examining volume expansion, cracks, and microstructure of mortar and concrete containing aggregates identified as non-reactive by standard ASR test methods. To achieve this, the concrete specimens undergo simulated operating conditions testing to induce ASR expansion, with an external supply of alkali from chloride- and formate-based deicers. The findings suggest that the configuration and concentration of the deicing agent used, as well as the mineral composition of the aggregate that was previously identified as non-reactive, can significantly impact the expansion and damage caused by ASR. The results indicate that existing methods for testing aggregates for ASR may have limitations when formate-based agents are used. Keywords: Alkali-silica reaction, Concrete, Aggregate, Expansion, Deicing agents, Microscopy Affiliations:
Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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8. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Jaskulski R.♦, Dziedzic K., Antolik A., Dąbrowski M., Influence of Calcination Temperature and Amount of Low-Grade Clay Replacement on Mitigation of the Alkali–Silica Reaction,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma16083210, Vol.16, No.8, pp.3210-1-3210-13, 2023Abstract: Results of experimental investigation on the mitigation of alkali–silica reaction (ASR) by low-grade calcined clay are presented. Domestic clay with an Al2O3 content equal to 26% and SiO2—58% was used. The calcination temperatures were as follows: 650 °C, 750 °C, 850 °C and 950 °C, which were chosen much more widely than presented in previous studies. Pozzolanity of the raw and calcined clay was determined with the Fratini test. The performance of calcined clay to mitigate ASR was evaluated according to ASTM C1567 using reactive aggregates. A control mortar mixture was prepared with 100% Portland cement (Na2Oeq = 1.12%) as a binder with reactive aggregate, and test mixtures were made with 10% and 20% of calcined clay as a cement replacement. The microstructure of the specimens was observed on the polished sections using scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated in backscattered mode (BSE). The results of expansion of mortar bars with reactive aggregate showed that replacing cement with calcined clay reduced the expansion of the mortar bars. The greater the cement replacement, the better results in terms of ASR mitigation. However, the influence of the calcination temperature was not as clear. The opposite trend was found with the use of 10% or 20% calcined clay. Keywords: alkali–silica reaction (ASR), expansion, low grade calcined clay, mitigation, Fratini test, microscopic analysis Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Jaskulski R. | - | other affiliation | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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9. |
Antolik A., Dąbrowski M., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Petrographic Evaluation of Aggregate from Igneous Rocks: Alkali–Silica Reaction Potential,
Minerals, ISSN: 2075-163X, DOI: 10.3390/min13081004, Vol.13, No.8, pp.1-14, 2023Abstract: A thorough petrographic evaluation of aggregates from igneous rocks in terms of their alkali–silica reaction (ASR) potential is crucial in ensuring the durability and long-term performance of concrete structures, especially those where access to additional alkalis is possible, such as from de-icing agents. The aim of the research was to assess the potential reactivity of aggregates from igneous rocks, as only such aggregates are used for concrete airport pavements in Poland. Petrographic analysis was conducted to identify the reactive minerals in the aggregate, and it was extended by quantitative image analysis. The strained, microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz were found to be reactive components but significantly differed in content. It was found that aggregates from igneous rocks were characterized by different susceptibility to ASR and that methods to mitigate the occurrence of ASR should be considered to be used in airfield concrete. A relationship between the content of analyzed reactive minerals and the expansion of mortar bars in AMBT, as well as of the concrete prism in the CPT method, was revealed. Keywords: igneous rocks, granite aggregate, mineral composition, thin sections, digital image analysis, petrographic analysis, alkali–silica reaction, concrete durability Affiliations:
Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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10. |
Glinicki M.A., Bogusz K., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dąbrowski M., ASR performance of concrete at external alkali supply – effects of aggregate mixtures and blended cement,
International Journal of Pavement Engineering, ISSN: 1029-8436, DOI: 10.1080/10298436.2023.2171038, Vol.24, No.1, pp.1-13, 2023Abstract: The long term durability of concrete pavements in wet-freeze climate is influenced by deicing salts used for winter maintenance of roads. Alkaline deicers could also be an external source of alkalis therefore their role in respect to development of deleterious alkali-silica reaction (ASR) should be considered. The performance of mineral aggregate mixtures in concrete was studied using RILEM test procedure ‘60°C concrete test with external alkali supply’. Air entrained concrete specimens were exposed to cyclic temperature changes, wetting-drying and NaCl solution immersion. Tests revealed the development of concrete expansion in time and associated changes of its elastic modulus for 31 mixtures of fine and coarse aggregate and Portland and fly ash or slag blended cements. The expansive behavior of air entrained concrete was strongly influenced by the presence of micro- and cryptocrystalline silica in aggregates. A replacement of nonreactive limestone sand by moderately reactive quartz sand resulted in a substantial enhancement of concrete expansion by a factor of three. Observed reduction of elastic modulus was correlated with more abundant presence of alkali-silica reaction products in concrete. Effects of cement type (CEM I, CEM II/A-V and CEM II/B-S) on the ASR performance of concrete with crushed coarse aggregate and quartz sand are discussed. Keywords: Air entrained concrete,alkali-silica reaction,external alkalis,NaCl solution,performance test Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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11. |
Harsányi I.♦, Horváth A.♦, Kis Z.♦, Gméling K.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Glinicki M.A., Szentmiklósi L.♦, Assessment of neutron-induced activation of irradiated samples in a research reactor,
Nuclear Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 1738-5733, DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2022.11.004, Vol.55, pp.1036-1044, 2023Abstract: The combination of MCNP6 and the FISPACT codes was used to predict inventories of radioisotopes produced by neutron exposure of a sample in a research reactor. The detailed MCNP6 model of the Budapest Research Reactor and the specific irradiation geometry of the NAA channel was established, while realistic material cards were specified based on concentrations measured by PGAA and NAA, considering the precursor elements of all significant radioisotopes. The energy- and spatial distributions of the neutron field calculated by MCNP6 were transferred to FISPACT, and the resulting activities were validated against those measured using neutron-irradiated small and bulky targets. This approach is general enough to handle different target materials, shapes, and irradiation conditions. A general agreement within 10% has been achieved. Moreover, the method can also be made applicable to predict the activation properties of the near-vessel concrete of existing nuclear installations or assist in the optimal construction of new nuclear power plant units. Keywords: MCNP6,Monte Carlo simulations,FISPACT,Isotope inventory,Radioisotope production,Neutron activation analysis,Mineral aggregate,Radiation shielding concrete Affiliations:
Harsányi I. | - | other affiliation | Horváth A. | - | other affiliation | Kis Z. | - | other affiliation | Gméling K. | - | Centre for Energy Research (HU) | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Szentmiklósi L. | - | other affiliation |
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12. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Fantilli A.P.♦, Dziedzic K., Lisowski P., Effect of different fibres in mitigation of alkali-silica reaction,
Materials Today: Proceedings, ISSN: 2214-7853, DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.487, pp.1-7, 2023Abstract: Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a phenomenon that causes irreversible damage to concrete structures. Since 1940, research has continued to investigate the possibility of eliminating these negative effects. The lack of availability of non-reactive aggregates requires the use of reactive aggregates, characterized by satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, with the introduction of innovative solutions to mitigate the effects of ASR expansion. Recently, fibre-reinforcement has shown to be a promising approach, even if the type and the volume of fibres used to reduce, or eliminate, the deleterious effects of expansion are not well established. For this reason, Miniature Concrete Prism Tests (MCPT) were performed on 4 series of expansive concrete prisms without any fibres and with 0.5% in volume of polypropylene fibres, steel fibres, and recycled carbon fibres, respectively. In addition, 4 series of non-expansive mortar prisms, with and without fibres, were tested in bending. As a result, by using recycled carbon fibres a moderate expansion can be observed after 56 days, in contrast to the high expansion of un-reinforced concrete. The same positive effect cannot be observed in concrete reinforced with steel or polypropylene fibres. This is due to the absence of the deflection hardening capacity of the fibre-reinforcement, as confirmed by both mechanical tests on non-expansive mortars, and by the analysis of microstructure on the post-mortem specimens. Keywords: Mortar, Concrete, Bending tests, Miniature Concrete Prism Tests (MCPT), Expansion Microstructure Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Fantilli A.P. | - | Politecnico di Torino (IT) | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Lisowski P. | - | IPPT PAN |
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13. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Jaskulski R.♦, Dziedzic K., Antolik A., Effect of Low-Quality Calcined Clay on the Suppression of the Alkali–Silica Reaction,
Materials Proceedings, ISSN: 2673-4605, DOI: 10.3390/materproc2023013015, Vol.13, No.15, pp.1-8, 2023Abstract: This article presents the results of an experimental investigation into the mitigation of the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) resulting from using low-grade clay calcined at 850 °C. The clay used in the experiment was domestic clay with an Al2O3 content equal to 26% and a SiO2 content of 58%. The performance of calcined clay in ASR mitigation was evaluated according to ASTM C1567 using reactive aggregates. The control mortar mixture consisted of 100% Portland cement (Na2Oeq = 1.12%) binder and reactive aggregate. The test mixtures used the same reactive aggregate and binders, in which part of the cement was replaced with either 10%, 20% or 30% calcined clay. The microstructure of specimens was examined on the polished sections using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) operated in the backscattered mode (BSE). The results of expansion obtained from the mortar bars made with the reactive aggregate showed that replacing cement by calcined clay reduced their expansion, with the level of expansion decreasing with the increase in the level of cement replacement. Keywords: calcined clay, alkali–silica reaction, expansion, mitigation, microstructure Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Jaskulski R. | - | other affiliation | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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14. |
Antolik A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dziedzic K., Lisowski P., Effect of Potassium Formate on Alkali–Silica Reaction in Aggregates with Different Categories of Reactivity,
Materials Proceedings, ISSN: 2673-4605, DOI: 10.3390/materproc2023013013, Vol.13, No.13, pp.1-8, 2023Abstract: During the wintertime, concrete pavements experience harsh exposure conditions due to the presence of both the freezing–thawing and wetting–drying cycles. Airport concrete pavements are commonly de-iced using chloride-free organic salts such as potassium formate or potassium acetate. However, these materials contain alkali ions which can have harmful effects on both the cement matrix and the aggregate. Specifically, there is an increased risk of occurrence of the alkali–silica reaction (ASR). The goal of this research was to estimate the influence of potassium formate on the potential of causing alkali–silica reaction in aggregates with different categories of reactivity (R0, R1, R2). The accelerated mortar bar test and its modification (which involves replacing sodium hydroxide solution with a potassium formate solution) were used. Detailed SEM-EDS examinations were performed to confirm the presence of alkali–silica reaction and to analyze the influence of potassium formate on the microstructure of mortar. Keywords: alkali–silica reaction,potassium formate,de-icing agent,reactive aggregate Affiliations:
Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Lisowski P. | - | IPPT PAN |
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15. |
Dąbrowski M., Glinicki M.A., Kuziak J.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dziedzic K., Effects of 2 MGy gamma irradiation on the steel corrosion in cement-based composites,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127967, Vol.342, pp.127967-1-16, 2022Abstract: A viable prediction of service life of reinforced concrete structures exposed to irradiation environment is necessary to support a license extension for currently operating nuclear power plants as well as to support concrete mix optimization for new builds. An experimental study was carried out to evaluate the corrosion performance of mild steel reinforcing bars under gamma irradiation at environmental conditions favoring accelerated carbonation. in elevated temperature. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic electrochemical tests were performed to assess the corrosion rates on the rebar surfaces. Effects of irradiation were also examined in regard to capillary pore size distribution by mercury intrusion porosimetry and mesopore distribution based on nitrogen desorption data. Companion tests were performed to determine the compressive and flexural strength of mortar exposed to gamma irradiation. Relative effects of gamma irradiation are reported for mortar specimens containing fly ash or limestone powder used for partial replacement of Portland cement up to 40% by mass. Gamma irradiation dose up to 2 MGy was found to affect the properties of passive layer of steel in comparison to non-irradiated specimens. A decrease of corrosive potential and passivation potential was found. An increase of corrosion current density by an order of magnitude due to gamma irradiation was observed. Parameters of polarization curves of steel indicated unstable passive layer on steel reinforcement in irradiated mortars. Keywords: gamma irradiation, steel corrosion, supplementary cementitious materials, modification, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion potential, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda porosity Affiliations:
Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Kuziak J. | - | Warsaw University of Technology (PL) | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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16. |
Dąbrowski M., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Bogusz K., Glinicki M.A., Influence of serpentinite aggregate on the microstructure and durability of radiation shielding concrete,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127536, Vol.337, pp.127536-1-13, 2022Abstract: Concrete mix design for radiation shielding is mainly based on selection of aggregate materials of specified elemental composition. Serpentinite aggregate could be a desirable component of concrete for mixed-radiation attenuation and for high temperatures, however its durability performance needs further attention. The objective of the study is to reveal the influence of serpentinite aggregate on the microstructure and transport properties of baryte-serpentinite concrete. Mix design was developed for low-heat Portland cement and slag cement by using a combination of serpentinite aggregate and baryte aggregate. The compressive strength, chloride migration coefficient, carbonation resistance were experimentally investigated. The durability tests were compared with open porosity, mercury intrusion porosimetry measurement and examination of thin section of concrete by optical microscope. The results revealed increased porosity of contact zone of serpentinite aggregate with cement matrix. Open and capillary porosity of concrete was found to increase with increase of serpentinite aggregate content. Consequently, an increase of the chloride migration coefficient up to 2.5 times, the rate of carbonation up to 4 times were observed. Keywords: baryte, serpentinite, carbonation, chloride ion permeability, durability, microstructure, mix design, interfacial transition zone, porosity, radiation shielding concrete Affiliations:
Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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17. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Assessment of highway pavement concrete suffering from alkali-silica reaction: case study,
Materiales de Construcción, ISSN: 0465-2746, DOI: 10.3989/mc.2022.296922, Vol.72, No.348, pp.1-9, 2022Abstract: After 15 years of exploitation, numerous instances of damage to the concrete pavement motorway located in northern Germany were observed. Detailed macro and microscopic analysis and determination of mechanical properties were performed on the collected cores. It was found that cracks in the coarse and fine aggregate resulted from advanced alkali-silica reaction. No impact of de-icing agents on the destruction of the concrete pavement was found, while attention was paid to the potential intensification of concrete degradation resulting from the increase in traffic on motorways. The results obtained are a detailed supplement to the German research, as this region (Rostock) has not been analysed before. Keywords: Alkali-silica reaction, Concrete, Aggregate, Petrographic analysis, Microstructure Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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18. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dąbrowski M., Dziedzic K., Jarząbek D., Antolik A., Denis P., Glinicki M.A., Effect of gamma irradiation on the mechanical properties of carbonation reaction products in mortar,
MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES, ISSN: 1359-5997, DOI: 10.1617/s11527-022-02003-w, Vol.55, pp.164-1-17, 2022Abstract: Prediction of carbonation progress in concrete exposed to ionizing radiation is important for the durability assessment of nuclear power plants, eventually needed for operational license extension. The objective of this work is to reveal the influence of gamma irradiation on the carbonation development and resulting microstructural features of cement mortar. The composition of mortar was varied by using mineral additions. Canned specimens at elevated CO2 concentration environment were exposed to gamma irradiation up to the absorbed dose of 1.6 MGy in the vicinity of spent nuclear fuel rods in pool of research reactor. Micromechanical properties of carbonation reaction products were determined using nanoindentation tests. The carbonation depth was found to increase with increasing absorbed γ dose. The size of calcite crystals was about three times greater in irradiated specimens. Gamma irradiation improved the micromechanical properties of carbonation products. Effects of mineral additives on the characteristics of irradiated mortar are discussed. Keywords: calcite, carbonation, cement mortar, gamma irradiation, microstructure, mineral additions, nanoindentation Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Jarząbek D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Denis P. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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19. |
Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Dąbrowski M., Bogusz K., Diagnosis of ASR damage in highway pavement after 15 years of service in wet-freeze climate region,
Case Studies in Construction Materials, ISSN: 2214-5095, DOI: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01226, Vol.17, pp.e01226-1-15, 2022Abstract: Diagnostic tests were carried out on specimens drilled from a section of jointed, unreinforced highway pavement after 15 years of service. The section of highway was exposed to heavy road traffic, environmental actions of wet-freeze climate zone and associated winter maintenance including application of deicing salt. Premature pavement damage was manifested by visible cracking, mostly along transverse joints and in slab corners. Tests performed on core specimens included petrographic analysis of concrete and its components, using optical and scanning electron microscopy, also evaluation of elastic and transport properties, expansion potential, cracks and air void system. Numerous cracks in the grains of coarse quartzite aggregate were found. Reactive forms of quartz in quartzite aggregate - microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz - were abundant. The gel-like products in cracks in quartzite grains and in surrounding cement paste were identified as alkali-silica reaction products. Expansion of specimens exposed to an alkali-silica reaction-promoting environment indicated the potential for further development of such reaction. Substantial cracking and reduction of modulus of elasticity was correlated with the presence of reactive quartz in quartzite aggregate. The role of additional destructive factors, such as the impact of heavy vehicles traffic and freeze-thaw aggression was indicated by greater cracks in the slow traffic lane compared than in the emergency lane, associated with local marginal air entrainment of concrete. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction, concrete, cracking, durability, highway pavement Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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20. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Lisowski P., Potential alkaline reactivity of sands from domestic deposits,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.022.015, Vol.21, No.3, pp.253-271, 2022Abstract: Sand used as fine aggregate in concrete may, under unfavorable environmental conditions, cause alkali-silica reaction and the consequent deterioration of durability and functional properties of concrete. The aim of this work is to compare alkali-silica reactivity of 18 natural sands of various origin. The potential reactivity of sands was tested according to the procedures PB/1/18 and PB/3/18 established in the Technical Guidelines issued by the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways. Mineral composition of aggregate was analyzed in order to identify reactive minerals. Mortar bar expansion tests and microscopic analyses of the products of alkali-silica reaction were performed. The research indicated that 6 (33%) out of 18 tested aggregates should be classified as “moderately reactive” and 12 (67%) aggregates should be classified as “non-reactive”. It was demonstrated that the origin of sand affects its susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction. Keywords: alkali-silica gel, expansion, fine aggregate, reactive minerals, sand Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Lisowski P. | - | IPPT PAN |
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21. |
Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Dąbrowski M., Bogusz K., Lisowski P., ANALYSIS OF CAUSES OF DAMAGE TO SINGLE-LAYER CONCRETE HIGHWAY PAVEMENT,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.022.011, Vol.21, No.3, pp.183-201, 2022Abstract: Premature damage to the concrete pavement of a trunk road section after 15 years of its service life was noticed. The damage manifested itself in cracking along transverse joints and in the corners of slabs. Diagnostic investigations, covering a petrographic analysis of concrete and mineral aggregates by means of optical and scanning microscopy, an evaluation of the elastic properties, the degree of cracking and air-void parameters and an identification of the alkali-silica reaction products, were carried out on core samples. Multiple cracks in coarse quartzite aggregate particles and in cement matrix were found. A significant presence of microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline quartz in quartzite particles was detected. Typical alkali-silica reaction products were unambiguously identified. The considerable cracking and the substantial decrease in the modulus of elasticity were correlated with the presence of reactive quartz in the quartzite aggregate and the alkali-silica reaction was found to be the main cause of the damage. Additional damaging factors, such as heavy traffic loads and frost aggression, are discussed. Keywords: concrete, road pavement, pavement evaluation, aggregate, quartzite, alkali-silica reaction, cracks, service life Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN | Lisowski P. | - | IPPT PAN |
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22. |
Fantilli A.P.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Denis P., Bio-fibres as a reinforcement of gypsum composites,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma14174830, Vol.14, No.17, pp.4830-1-14, 2021Abstract: Three series of tests performed on fibre-reinforced gypsum composites are described herein. Sheep wool fibres and hemp fibres were used as reinforcement. The aim was to evaluate the capability of these biomaterials to enhance the fracture toughness of the gypsum matrix. The mechanical properties were measured by means of flexural tests on small specimens, whereas scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyse the microstructure and composition of the fibres and of the gypsum composites. As a result, wool fibres were shown to improve the mechanical performance of the gypsum matrix, better than hemp fibres. This is due to the high adhesion at the interface of the fibre and gypsum matrix, because the latter tends to roughen the surface of the wool and, consequently to increase the bond strength. This preliminary research carried out shows that this type of biofiber—a waste material—can be considered a promising building material in sustainable and environmentally friendly engineering. Keywords: organic waste material, fibre-reinforced gypsum, mechanical properties, microstructure Affiliations:
Fantilli A.P. | - | Politecnico di Torino (IT) | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Denis P. | - | IPPT PAN |
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23. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Gmeling K.♦, Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Glinicki M.A., Assessment of long lived isotopes in alkali-silica resistant concrete designed for nuclear installations,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma14164595, Vol.14, No.16, pp.4595-1-15, 2021Abstract: The design of concrete for radiation shielding structures is principally based on the selection of materials of adequate elemental composition and mix proportioning to achieve the long-term durability in nuclear environment. Concrete elements may become radioactive through exposure to neutron radiation from the nuclear reactor. A selection of constituent materials of greatly reduced content of long-lived residual radioisotopes would reduce the volume of low-level waste during plant decommissioning. The objective of this investigation is an assessment of trace elements with a large activation cross section in concrete constituents and simultaneous evaluation of susceptibility of concrete to detrimental alkali-silica reaction. Two isotopes 60Co and 152Eu were chosen as the dominant long-lived residual radioisotopes and evaluated using neutron activation analysis. The influence of selected mineral aggregates on the expansion due to alkali-silica reaction was tested. The content of 60Co and 152Eu activated by neutron radiation in fine and coarse aggregates, as well as in four types of Portland cement, is presented and discussed in respect to the chemical composition and rock origin. Conflicting results were obtained for quartzite coarse aggregate and siliceous river sand that, despite a low content, 60Co and 152Eu exhibited a high susceptibility to alkali-silica reaction in Portland cement concrete. The obtained results facilitate a multicriteria selection of constituents for radiation-shielding concrete. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction, concrete durability, low-level radioactive waste, neutron activation analysis, radiation shielding concrete, trace elements Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Gmeling K. | - | Centre for Energy Research (HU) | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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24. |
Antolik A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Assessment of the alkali-silica reactivity potential in granitic rocks,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123690, Vol.295, pp.123690-1-12, 2021Abstract: The alkali-silica reactivity of granites may significantly affect the durability of road and airfield concrete pavements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the reactivity of granites commonly used as an aggregate in concrete pavements, with particular emphasis on microscopic methods. The research was focused on petrographic diagnosis of reactive minerals in granites, their quantitative analysis and comparison of the obtained results with standard measurements. The strained quartz was recognized as a reactive component and the linear relationship between its content and specimens expansion was found. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction, concrete, durability, granite, image analysis, microscopy, pavements, slow-reacting aggregates, expansion Affiliations:
Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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25. |
Fantilli A.P.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Special issue: supplementary cementitious materials in concrete, part I,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma14092291, Vol.14, No.9, pp.2291-1-6, 2021, EDITORIAL | |
26. |
Glinicki M.A.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Reaktywność kruszywa w betonie,
Materiały Budowlane, ISSN: 0137-2971, Vol.3, No.583, pp.51-54, 2021 | |
27. |
Khmurovska Y.♦, Štemberk P.♦, Sikorin S.♦, Němeček J.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Doleželová M.♦, Kaladkevich Y.♦, Pavalanski E.♦, Fatseyeu V.♦, Effects of gamma-ray irradiation on hardened cement mortar,
International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, ISSN: 2234-1315, DOI: 10.1186/s40069-020-00452-7, Vol.15, pp.17-1-14, 2021Abstract: The effect of gamma-ray irradiation on cement mortar properties is investigated in this study in order to understand the mechanism behind the strength and stiffness reduction, which may be significant according to the available researches. 60Co irradiation facility with the generating dose rate of 0.1–10 Gy/s and the total activity of 4.4·10^15 Bq (120 kCi) was used to perform the irradiation, so that the total observed dose of the irradiated samples reached the values ranging from 12.0 to 15.0 MGy. An identical set of control samples was placed in the same laboratory conditions away from gamma radiation. The results of nanoindentation, X-ray diffraction analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry of the irradiated and the control samples are shown and explained in detail in this study. The nanoindentation creep compliance and the nanoindentation elastic modulus of the irradiated and the control samples do not show any significant difference. The mineral composition obtained using the X-ray diffraction analysis of the irradiated and the control samples is also similar. The pore structure rearrangement and microcrack occurrence, which were evidenced by the mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy, led to the porosity increase and may be attributed to the significant decrease of compressive strength. Keywords: cement mortar, drying, experiment, gamma-ray, nanoindentation, porosity, X-ray diffraction Affiliations:
Khmurovska Y. | - | other affiliation | Štemberk P. | - | other affiliation | Sikorin S. | - | National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus (BY) | Němeček J. | - | other affiliation | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Doleželová M. | - | other affiliation | Kaladkevich Y. | - | other affiliation | Pavalanski E. | - | other affiliation | Fatseyeu V. | - | other affiliation |
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28. |
Dąbrowski M., Glinicki M.A., Dziedzic K., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Sikorin S.♦, Fateev V.S.♦, Povalansky E.I.♦, Early age hardening of concrete with heavy aggregate in gamma radiation source – impact on the modulus of elasticity and microstructural features,
Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, ISSN: 1346-8014, DOI: 10.3151/jact.19.555, Vol.19, No.5, pp.555-570, 2021Abstract: The effects of gamma irradiation on concrete properties during early hardening were studied towards radioactive waste storage or accelerated processing at precast plants. Concrete mixtures containing different mineral aggregates (baryte, magnetite, amphibolite) were investigated. During initial 16 hours of hardening the mixes were irradiated using 60Co gamma source at the rate of 3.5 kGy/h. The mechanical properties and microstructural features of irradiated early-age concrete were tested: the secant elastic modulus, the compressive strength, the porosity and pore size distribution. XRD and SEM analysis were also performed. The results indicate both the stiffening and pore refinement in concrete due to early gamma irradiation. Effects of early irradiation on microstructural features of cement matrix were found in the subsurface layer up to the depth of 2 mm. The influence of different mineral aggregates in concrete on the radiation-induced changes of early age properties is discussed. Affiliations:
Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Sikorin S. | - | National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus (BY) | Fateev V.S. | - | National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus (BY) | Povalansky E.I. | - | National
Academy of Sciences of Belarus (BY) |
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29. |
Fantilli A.P.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Influence of Portland cement alkalinity on wool reinforced mortar,
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials, ISSN: 1747-650X, DOI: 10.1680/jcoma.20.00003, Vol.174, No.3, pp.172-181, 2021Abstract: Natural wool is a good insulating material, both thermal and acoustic. Nevertheless, with the increase in demand for the use of waste materials, other applications, such as the use of wool as a fibre-reinforcement in mortars and concretes, have been found. Unfortunately, wool, like other natural organic materials, dissolve in alkaline environment and, consequently, the performances of the reinforcement cannot be guaranteed for a long time. To solve the above issue, three series of reinforced mortar beams, with various contents of alkalis in cement, are investigated herein. The chemical compatibility, and the effects of alkalinity on the mechanical performances, are investigated by testing the beams in three point bending and, subsequently, by analysing the microstructure of the mortars through a scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results reveal that the lower the alkalinity of the cement paste, the better the resistance of wool fibres in cementitious matrix, which guarantees larger post-cracking residual stresses in the wool reinforced mortars. Keywords: fibre-reinforcement, fracture & fracture mechanics, microstructure, waste valorisation Affiliations:
Fantilli A.P. | - | Politecnico di Torino (IT) | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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30. |
Jaskulski R., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Yakymechko Y.♦, Calcined Clay as Supplementary Cementitious Material,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma13214734, Vol.13, No.21, pp.4734-1-36, 2020Abstract: Calcined clays are the only potential materials available in large quantities to meet the requirements of eco-efficient cement-based materials by reducing the clinker content in blended cements or reducing the cement content in concrete. More than 200 recent research papers on the idea of replacing Portland cement with large amounts of calcined clay are presented and discussed in detail. First, the fundamental information about the properties and structure of clay minerals is described. Then, the process of activation and hydration of clays is discussed, including the methods of pozzolanic activity assessment. Additionally, various testing methods of clays from different worldwide deposits are presented. The application of calcined clay in cement and concrete technology is then introduced. A separate chapter is devoted to lime calcined clay cement. Then an influence of calcined clay on durability of concrete is summarized. Finally, conclusions are formulated. Keywords: calcined clay, binder, supplementary cementitious materials, cement-based materials Affiliations:
Jaskulski R. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Yakymechko Y. | - | Warsaw University of Technology (PL) |
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31. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dąbrowski M., Bogusz K., Glinicki M.A., Influence of slag cement on the permeability of concrete for biological shielding structures,
Energies, ISSN: 1996-1073, DOI: 10.3390/en13174582, Vol.13, No.17, pp.4582-1-16, 2020Abstract: Durability of concrete designed for radiation shielding structures is an important issue in nuclear power plant safety. An investigation of the permeability of concrete containing heavyweight aggregates and water-bearing aggregates was performed with respect to gaseous and liquid media. Mix design was developed using Portland and slag cement, crushed magnetite and serpentine aggregate. The use of slag cement in concrete containing magnetite and serpentine aggregates resulted in the substantial improvement of the compressive strength in comparison with Portland cement concrete. The application of slag cement was found to reduce the chloride ingress, regardless of the special aggregate use. The coefficient of chloride migration was within the range 5 ÷ 8 × 10^−12 m^2/s and 17 ÷ 25 × 10^−12 m^2/s for slag cement concrete and Portland cement concrete, respectively. At the same time, the carbonation depth was increased twice for slag cement concrete in comparison to Portland cement concrete. However, the maximum carbonation depth after one year of exposure to 1% CO2 was only 14 mm for slag cement concrete, and 7 mm for reference concrete. The total pore volume evaluated using mercury intrusion porosimetry was influenced by the type of special aggregate used. It was shown that concrete with various contents of magnetite aggregate and slag cement achieved the smallest total pore volume. While serpentine coarse aggregate caused an increase in total pore volume in comparison to concrete with magnetite aggregate. Keywords: chloride permeability, carbonation, slag cement, radiation shielding concrete, microstructure, MIP, mix design, Portland cement, magnetite Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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32. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Fantilli A.P.♦, Wool-reinforced cement based composites,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma13163590, Vol.13, No.16, pp.3590-1-13, 2020Abstract: In this paper, an overview of the latest research activities in the field of cement-based composites incorporating sheep wool reinforcement is presented. First, the characteristics of this type of natural fibre are described. Then, the current use of sheep wool fibres in cement-based composites is discussed. The research problems regarding the properties of cement matrix composites reinforced with sheep wool are divided into four groups: thermal and acoustic properties, mechanical behavior, durability issues, and microstructure aspects. The latter two groups are analysed separately, because both durability and microstructure are of particular importance for future applications of wool reinforcement. Finally, the main directions of future researches are presented. Keywords: natural fibres, sheep wool fibres, mechanical properties, durability, microstructure Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Fantilli A.P. | - | Politecnico di Torino (IT) |
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33. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Gméling K.♦, Bogusz K., Laboratory investigations on fine aggregates used for concrete pavements due to the risk of ASR,
Road Materials and Pavement Design, ISSN: 1468-0629, DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2020.1796767, pp.1-13, 2020Abstract: The assessment of the aggregate suitability for concrete pavements applies mainly to coarse aggregate. However, even fine aggregate can significantly affect the long-term durability of concrete when it is susceptible to alkali-silica reaction (ASR). The sustainable use of available fine aggregates for the production of concrete, while reducing the effects of ASR, requires special preventive measures. The paper proposed different procedures to determine the chemical composition of aggregate and the related ASR risk. The study covers various properties of natural fine aggregates from glacial deposits. The experiments included determination of chemical composition by prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA), quantitative mineralogical characterisation on thin sections using digital image procedure (DIP) and expansion measurements in mortar bar test (MBT). The strong correlation of sand origin and its susceptibility to ASR was observed. Content of micro- and cryptocrystalline quartz in siliceous sand was found to have a crucial effect on its performance in AMBT. Keywords: fine aggregate, alkali-silica reaction, mineral composition, prompt gamma activation analysis, digital image procedure, glacial deposit Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Gméling K. | - | Centre for Energy Research (HU) | Bogusz K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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34. |
Fantilli A.P.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., The effect of hydraulic cements on the flexural behavior of wool reinforced mortars,
Academic Journal of Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2680-1000, DOI: 10.26168/icbbm2019.41, Vol.37, No.2, pp.287-292, 2020Abstract: It is known that natural wool is a good thermal insulating material, but recent results suggest another application: the use of wool as a fiber-reinforcement in mortars and concretes. Indeed, the mechanical properties of wool filaments are comparable to those of some synthetic polymeric fibers (e.g., made with polypropylene). However, wool can dissolve in alkaline environments and, therefore, the performances of reinforced cement-based matrixes cannot be guaranteed for a long time. Accordingly, three series of reinforced mortar beams have been made with low alkali, high alkali, and sulfoaluminate cements. To investigate the chemical compatibility, and the subsequent effects on the mechanical performances, the beams have been tested in three point bending. As a result, the lower the alkalinity of the cement paste, the better the post-cracking capability of wool fibers to arrest the growth of cracks. Keywords: wool reinforcement, low alkali cement, high alkali cement, sulfoaluminate cement Affiliations:
Fantilli A.P. | - | Politecnico di Torino (IT) | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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35. |
Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dąbrowski M., The influence of fluidized bed combustion fly ash on the phase composition and microstructure of cement paste,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma12172838, Vol.12, No.17, pp.2838-1-14, 2019Abstract: Fly ashes from coal combustion in circulating fluidized bed boilers in three power plants were tested as a potential additive to cement binder in concrete. The phase composition and microstructure of cement pastes containing fluidized bed fly ash was studied. The fractions of cement substitution with fluidized bed fly ash were 20% and 30% by weight. X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests and thermal analyses (derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG)) were performed on ash specimens and on hardened cement paste specimens matured in water for up to 400 days. Quantitative evaluation of the phase composition as a function of fluidized bed fly ash content revealed significant changes in portlandite content and only moderate changes in the content of ettringite. Keywords: clean coal combustion, fluidized bed fly ash, microstructure, phase composition, portlandite, unburned carbon Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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36. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Glinicki M.A., Gibas K., Resistance of selected aggregates from igneous rocks to alkali-silica reaction: verification / Weryfikacja odporności wybranych kruszyw ze skał magmowych na reakcję z alkaliami,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.019.005, Vol.18, No.1, pp.67-83, 2019Abstract: The paper presents investigations into the reactivity of aggregates from igneous rock, carried out in accordance with the procedures contained in the GDDKiA General Technical Specification "Concrete pavements". The aim of the investigations was evaluation of the suitability of the aggregates for road structures and pavements built using cement based concrete technology. Aggregates produced from extrusive rocks (basalt, melaphyre and porphyry) and from intrusive rocks (granite and gabbro) were analysed. The mineral composition of the aggregates was evaluated with regard to their reactive SiO2 content. Expansion tests on mortar bar and concrete prism specimens with analysed aggregates and a microscopic analysis of the alkali-aggregate reaction products were carried out. A considerable amount of reactive minerals: chalcedony, tridymite and microcrystalline quartz and volcanic glass were found in the grains of the porphyry and melaphyre aggregates. On the basis of the conducted investigations the two aggregates made of igneous rocks (melaphyre and porphyry) were classified into category R1 (moderately reactive). The basalt aggregate, the granite aggregate and the gabbro aggregate were assigned to category R0 (non-reactive). W artykule przedstawiono badania reaktywności kruszyw ze skał magmowych przeprowadzone zgodnie z procedurami ujętymi w instrukcjach GDDKiA OST "Nawierzchnie betonowe" w celu oceny ich przydatności do stosowania w technologii betonu cementowego na drogowe konstrukcje inżynierskie i nawierzchnie. Analizie poddano kruszywa ze skał wylewnych: bazalt, melafir i porfir oraz ze skał głębinowych: granit i gabro. Przeprowadzono ocenę składu mineralnego kruszyw z uwagi na zawartość reaktywnych minerałów krzemionkowych. Przeprowadzono badania wydłużenia próbek zapraw i betonów z kruszywami oraz analizę mikroskopową produktów reakcji alkalia-kruszywo. Stwierdzono występowanie znacznej ilości reaktywnych minerałów w ziarnach kruszywa z porfiru i melafiru: chalcedonu i trydymitu oraz kwarcu mikrokrystalicznego i szkliwa wulkanicznego. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań dwa kruszywa ze skał magmowych (melafir oraz porfir) zaklasyfikowano do kategorii R1 - umiarkowanie reaktywne. Kruszywo bazaltowe, granit oraz gabro przypisano kategorii R0 - niereaktywne. Keywords: aggregate, alkali reactivity, alkali silica gel, cristobalite, igneous rocks, microcrystalline quartz, reactive minerals / alkaliczny żel krzemionkowy, kruszywo, krystobalit, mikrokrystaliczny kwarc, minerały reaktywne, reaktywność alkaliczna, skały wulkaniczne Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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37. |
Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Antolik A., Dziedzic K., Gibas K., Susceptibility of selected aggregates from sedimentary rocks to alkali-aggregate reaction / Podatność wybranych kruszyw ze skał osadowych na reakcję alkalia-kruszywo,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.019.001, Vol.18, No.1, pp.5-24, 2019Abstract: The paper presents the results of investigations into the reactivity of domestic aggregates produced from selected sedimentary rocks, carried out using the new testing methods, consistent with the RILEM and ASTM methods, implemented by GDDKiA (Polish General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways) documents. The range of the investigations covered coarse crushed aggregates produced from limestone, dolomite, sandstone and greywacke rocks, potentially suitable for making strong and durable concrete. No reactive forms of quartz were found in the mineralogical composition of the limestone aggregates and the dolomite aggregates. Micro- and cryptocrystalline quartz occurred in the particles of the greywacke aggregates and the sandstone aggregates. On the basis of the expansion of mortar and concrete specimens the aggregates produced from the sedimentary rocks were classified into the reactivity categories: R0, R1 and R2. A sodium-potassium-calcium silicate gel, whose composition (consistent with that reported in the literature) was characteristic of the alkali-silica reaction products, was found. The investigations resulted in a consistent assessment of the reactivity of the aggregates. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań reaktywności krajowych kruszyw z wybranych, litych skał osadowych przy wykorzystaniu nowych metod badawczych wdrożonych w dokumentach technicznych Generalnej Dyrekcji Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad (GDDKiA), zgodnych z metodami RILEM i ASTM. Zakres badań obejmował kruszywa grube łamane o potencjalnej przydatności do wykonania wytrzymałego i trwałego betonu, wyprodukowane ze skał wapienia, dolomitu, piaskowca i szarogłazu. W składzie mineralnym kruszyw z wapieni i dolomitu nie stwierdzono obecności reaktywnych form kwarcu; w ziarnach kruszywa z szarogłazów i piaskowca występował kwarc mikro- i kryptokrystaliczny. Na podstawie wydłużenia próbek określono następujące kategorie reaktywności wybranych krajowych kruszyw ze skał osadowych: R0, R1 i R2. Zaobserwowano występowanie żelu krzemianu sodowo-potasowo-wapniowego o składzie charakterystycznym dla produktów reakcji alkalia-kruszywo, zgodnym z danymi literaturowymi. Uzyskano spójną ocenę reaktywności kruszyw. Keywords: alkali-aggregate reaction, cement, concrete, dolomite aggregate, expansion, greywacke, limestone, quartz, reactive minerals, sandstone / beton, cement, kruszywo dolomitowe, kruszywo wapienne, kwarc, minerały reaktywne, piaskowiec, reakcja alkalia-kruszywo, szarogłaz, wydłużenie Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Antolik A. | - | IPPT PAN | Dziedzic K. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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38. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Glinicki M.A., Gibas K., Baran T.♦, Alkali-Silica Reactivity of High Density Aggregates for Radiation Shielding Concrete,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma11112284, Vol.11, No.2284, pp.1-15, 2018Abstract: Long-term exposure of concrete to nuclear reactor environments may enhance the ageing phenomena. An investigation concerning a possible deleterious alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete containing high-density aggregates is presented in this paper. The scope of this investigation was limited to heavy aggregates that could be used for the construction of the first Polish nuclear power plant (NPP). Five different high-density aggregates were selected and tested: three barites, magnetite, and hematite. Mineralogical analysis was conducted using thin section microscopic observation in transmitted light. The accelerated mortar beam test and the long-time concrete prism test were applied to estimate the susceptibility of heavy aggregates to ASR. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were conducted on aggregates and mortars. The quartz size in aggregate grains was evaluated using image analysis. Application of the accelerated mortar beam method confirmed the observations of thin sections and XRD analysis of high-density aggregates. The microcrystalline quartz in hematite aggregate and cristobalite in one of barite aggregate triggered an ASR. The composition of ASR gel was confirmed by microscopic analysis. The long-term concrete test permitted the selection of innocuous high-density aggregates from among the other aggregates available, which showed practically no reactivity. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction, heavyweight concrete, high-density aggregate, quartz size, radiation shielding, reactive minerals Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN | Baran T. | - | Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials (PL) |
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39. |
Schabowicz K.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Ranachowski Z., Kúdela Jr S.♦, Dvorák T.♦, Microstructural characterization of cellulose fibres in reinforced cement boards,
ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1644-9665, DOI: 10.1016/j.acme.2018.01.018, Vol.18, No.4, pp.1068-1078, 2018Abstract: The microscopic analysis of the different cellulose fibre cement composites is presented. The observations of the fibres in optical microscope in transmitted light and in scanning electron microscope are described. The micro computed tomography (micro-CT) and SEM were used to determine the distribution of the fibres in the matrix. The investigated fibre cement boards were produced by extrusion process and panels were cured in natural conditions. The main goal of the research was application of different microscopic methods to analyze the fibres distribution as a result of a different methods of their production. Micro-CT was used for 3D visualization of fibres distribution in three different fibre cement boards. It was possible to determine the average diameter of the fibres and their concentration using the high-resolution mode of micro-CT scanning procedure. Finally, a procedure which can be applied as a useful tool for analysis of the different procedures used in production of fibre cement boards is described. This procedure can be successfully used in the quality control system of cellulose fibre distribution in cement composites Keywords: Cellulose fibre reinforced cement boards, Microstructure, Fibre distribution, X-ray microtomography, SEM-EDS analysis Affiliations:
Schabowicz K. | - | Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (PL) | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Kúdela Jr S. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) | Dvorák T. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) |
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40. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Dąbrowski M., Brandt A.M.♦, Burakowska A.♦, Baran T.♦, The results of the concrete shield of the EWA nuclear reactor/Wyniki badania betonu z obudowy reaktora jądrowego EWA,
CEMENT, WAPNO, BETON, ISSN: 1425-8129, Vol.3, pp.226-238, 2018Keywords: nuclear reactor, concrete shield, radiation influence Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Brandt A.M. | - | other affiliation | Burakowska A. | - | other affiliation | Baran T. | - | Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials (PL) |
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41. |
Żołek N., Ranachowski Z., Ranachowski P., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Kúdela Jr S.♦, Dvorák T.♦, Statistical assessment of the microstructure of barite aggregate from different deposits using x-ray microtomography and optical microscopy,
ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1733-3490, DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0104, Vol.62, No.2, pp.697-702, 2017Abstract: Two different barite ore (barium sulfate BaSO4) specimens from different localizations were tested and described in this paper. Analysis of the microstructure was performed on polished sections, and on thin sections using X-ray microtomography (micro-CT), and optical microscopy (MO). Microtomography allowed obtaining three-dimensional images of the barite aggregate specimens. In the tomograms, the spatial distribution of the other polluting phases, empty space as well as cracks, pores, and voids – that exceeded ten micrometers of diameter-were possible to visualize. Also, the micro-CT allowed distinguishing between minerals of different density, like SiO2 and BaSO4. Images obtained and analyzed on thin sections with various methods using the optical microscopy in transmitted light delivered additional information on the aggregate microstructure, i.e. allow for estimation of the different kinds of inclusions (like the different density of the minerals) in the investigated specimens. Above methods, which were used in the tests, completed each another in order to supply a set of information on inclusions' distribution and to present the important differences of the barite aggregate specimens microstructure. Keywords: barite ore, barite aggregate, microstructure, optical microscopy, thin sections analysis, X-ray tomography Affiliations:
Żołek N. | - | IPPT PAN | Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Ranachowski P. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Kúdela Jr S. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) | Dvorák T. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) |
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42. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Gibas K., Glinicki M.A., Petrographic identification of reactive minerals in domestic aggregates and their classification according to rilem and astm recommendations,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.017.015, Vol.16, No.3, pp.223-239, 2017Abstract: Considering the long-time durability of concrete in road infrastructure it is important to control the threat of expansive reaction between sodium and potassium hydroxides in the pore solution and the reactive minerals present in the aggregate. Petrographic analysis is the basis for the qualification of aggregates to appropriate classes of reactivity according to ASTM C1778 and RILEM recommendations. This paper presents the results of petrographic analyses of thin sections made from twenty different domestic aggregates. The tested crushed aggregates were obtained from bedrock and glacial deposits. The evaluation of the mineral composition of aggregates included identification of deleterious components and determination of the content of reactive forms of silica. This enabled preliminary classification of aggregate in one of the three classes of reactivity according to RILEM. Obtained results provide an initial assessment of potential reactivity of aggregates and can assist in making decisions to undertake further accelerated or long-term laboratory testing or to modify the concrete mix design. Keywords: aggregate, alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR), petrographic analysis, reactive minerals, thin sections Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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43. |
Gibas K., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Glinicki M.A., Petrograficzna identyfikacja kruszyw podatnych na wystąpienie reakcji alkalicznej w betonie,
PRACE INSTYTUTU CERAMIKI I MATERIAŁÓW BUDOWLANYCH, ISSN: 1899-3230, Vol.X, No.30, pp.68-78, 2017Abstract: Przedstawiono wyniki analizy petrograficznej 20 kruszyw łamanych z rożnych regionów Polski, przeprowadzonej na cienkich szlifach analizowanych pod mikroskopem w świetle przechodzącym. Próbki kruszyw grubych frakcji do 16 mm pochodziły ze skał litych oraz ze złóż polodowcowych z zakładów produkcji kruszyw, łamanych stosowanych do betonu. Ocenę składu mineralnego kruszyw, mającą na celu rozpoznanie składników szkodliwych, przeprowadzono z uwagi na zawartość reaktywnych minerałów krzemionkowych, m.in. opalu, krystobalitu, trydymitu, chalcedonu, wielkość kryształów (skryto- i mikrokrystaliczny kwarc) oraz kwarcu w stanie naprężeń. Zastosowanie metody petrograficznej na cienkich szlifach pozwoliło na wstępną kwalifikację do kategorii potencjalnie reaktywnej lub reaktywnej. Uzyskane wyniki badań stanowią wstępną informację o przydatności kruszyw jako składników betonu bądź o skierowaniu ich do dalszych szczegółowych badań lub ich odrzucenia Keywords: analiza petrograficzna, kruszywo, minerały reaktywne, reakcja alkaliczna kruszywa (AAR) Affiliations:
Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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44. |
Glinicki M.A., Brandt A.M.♦, Dąbrowski M., Gibas K., Jaskulski R.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Baran T.♦, Gryziński M.♦, Ładyżyński K.♦, Nowowiejski G.♦, Beton osłonowy w konstrukcjach narażonych na promieniowanie jonizujące,
INŻYNIERIA I BUDOWNICTWO, ISSN: 0021-0315, Vol.12, pp.637-643, 2017Abstract: W artykule opisano podstawowe wyniki uzyskane w trakcie realizacji projektu badawczego „Trwałość i skuteczność betonowych osłon przed promieniowaniem jonizującym w obiektach energetyki jądrowej” [1]. Przedstawiono też wytyczne techniczne i kryteria oceny betonu osłonowego. Uzyskane wyniki mogą stanowić podstawę dalszych prac przy projektowaniu obiektów elektrowni jądrowych, składowisk materiałów radioaktywnych i innych miejsc powstawania, stosowania lub przechowywania materiałów wytwarzających promieniowanie jonizujące. Artykuł obejmuje zagadnienia związane z wymaganą skutecznością betonowych konstrukcji osłonowych przez zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa personelu i otoczenia przed oddziaływaniem promieniowania jonizującego. Rozpatrzono również trwałość osłon betonowych, tzn. zachowanie właściwości mechanicznych i nieprzepuszczalności w okresie przewidzianej eksploatacji pod wpływem przewidywanych oddziaływań zewnętrznych i procesów starzenia, a także przy podwyższonej temperaturze i promieniowaniu jonizującym. Artykuł nie obejmuje zagadnień integralności osłon pod obciążeniami wyjątkowymi, spowodowanymi awarią reaktora, uderzeniem samolotu, działaniami terrorystycznymi itp. Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Brandt A.M. | - | other affiliation | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN | Jaskulski R. | - | other affiliation | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Baran T. | - | Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials (PL) | Gryziński M. | - | National Centre for Nuclear Research (PL) | Ładyżyński K. | - | Hydrobudowa-1 Betoniarnia-Laboratorium (PL) | Nowowiejski G. | - | other affiliation |
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45. |
Dąbrowski M., Glinicki M.A., Gibas K., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Effects of calcareous fly ash in blended cements on chloride ions migration and strength of air entrained concrete,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.115, Vol.126, pp.1044-1053, 2016Abstract: The influence of blended cements containing calcareous fly ash (W) on the strength and permeability of air entrained concrete was studied. Moderately active calcareous fly ash of CaO content of 26% and loss on ignition of 2%, obtained from lignite fired power station in Poland, was selected. Ternary cement compositions including siliceous fly ash (V) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (S) were also studied. Air void analysis in hardened concrete was used to evaluate the effectiveness of air entraining process. Pore size distribution was characterized by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The presence of calcareous fly ash in cement resulted in a moderate increase in the compressive strength of concrete and an increase of the category of resistance to chloride ion migration. Test results revealed a linear relationship between the capillary porosity measured by MIP and the chloride migration coefficient (Dnssm). The permeability was lower for increased clinker replacement level which was due to formation of smaller diameters of the capillary pores. Keywords: Air entrained concrete, Air void characteristics, Calcareous fly ash, Chloride ion migration, Multicomponent cements, Pore size distribution, Strength Affiliations:
Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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46. |
Schabowicz K.♦, Ranachowski Z., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Radzik Ł.♦, Kúdela Jr S.♦, Dvorák T.♦, Application of X-ray microtomography to quality assessment of fibre cement boards,
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS, ISSN: 0950-0618, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.035, Vol.110, pp.182-188, 2016Abstract: In this paper a method of X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) was employed for a direct insight into a microstructure of fibre cement boards of different quality. Four specimens were subjects of examination. Two parameters were determined to characterize the level of compaction of fibres in concrete matrix: mean-square displacement of migrating virtual particles after 500,000 of time steps and a diffusive tortuosity. The results of the investigation had revealed that fibre cement boards differing in density produce different images after processing with micro-CT method. The effect of microstructure tightening due to saturation using dying agent was also detectable. Keywords: Fibre cement boards, Delamination of fibres, Computational modelling, X-ray microtomography Affiliations:
Schabowicz K. | - | Wroclaw University of Science and Technology (PL) | Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Radzik Ł. | - | other affiliation | Kúdela Jr S. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) | Dvorák T. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) |
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47. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Jaskulski R., Glinicki M.A., Application of Image Analysis to Identify Quartz Grains in Heavy Aggregates Susceptible to ASR in Radiation Shielding Concrete,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma9040224, Vol.9, No.4, pp.224-1-14, 2016Abstract: Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is considered as a potential aging-related degradation phenomenon that might impair the durability of concrete in nuclear containments. The objective of this paper is the application of digital analysis of microscopic images to identify the content and size of quartz grains in heavy mineral aggregates. The range of investigation covered magnetite and hematite aggregates, known as good absorbers of gamma radiation. Image acquisition was performed using thin sections observed in transmitted cross-polarized light with λ plate. Image processing, consisting of identification of ferrum oxide and epoxy resin, and the subsequent application of a set of filtering operations resulted in an adequate image reduction allowing the grain size analysis. Quartz grains were classified according to their mean diameter so as to identify the reactive range. Accelerated mortar bar tests were performed to evaluate the ASR potential of the aggregates. The SiO2 content in the heavyweight aggregates determined using the image analysis of thin sections was similar to XRF test result. The content of reactive quartz hematite was 2.7%, suggesting that it would be prone to ASR. The expansion test, according to ASTM C1260, confirmed the prediction obtained using the digital image analysis. Keywords: alkali-silica reaction, grain size, heavyweight aggregate, image analysis, radiation shielding concrete, reactive aggregate, quartz Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Jaskulski R. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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48. |
Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Gibas K., Dąbrowski M., Influence of Blended Cements with Calcareous Fly Ash on Chloride Ion Migration and Carbonation Resistance of Concrete for Durable Structures,
Materials, ISSN: 1996-1944, DOI: 10.3390/ma9010018, Vol.9, No.1 (Special Issue: Utilisation of By-Product Materials in Concrete), pp.18-1-15, 2016Abstract: The objective of this paper is to examine the possible use of new blended cements containing calcareous fly ash in structural concrete, potentially adequate for structural elements of nuclear power plants. The investigation included five new cements made with different contents of non-clinker constituents: calcareous fly ash, siliceous fly ash, ground granulated blastfurnace slag, and a reference cement—ordinary Portland cement. The influence of innovative cements on the resistance of concrete to chloride and carbonation exposure was studied. Additionally, an evaluation of the microstructure was performed using optical microscopy on concrete thin sections. Test results revealed a substantial improvement of the resistance to chloride ion penetration into concrete containing blended cements. The resistance was higher for increased clinker replacement levels and increased with curing time. However, concrete made with blended cements exhibited higher depth of carbonation than the Portland cement concrete, except the Portland-fly ash cement with 14.3% of calcareous fly ash. The thin sections analysis confirmed the values of the carbonation depth obtained from the phenolphthalein test. Test results indicate the possible range of application for new cements containing calcareous fly ash. Keywords: blended cements, calcareous fly ash, chloride migration, carbonation, durability, nuclear shielding concrete, thin sections Affiliations:
Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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49. |
Baran T.♦, Glinicki M.A., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., The properties of special cements for shielding constructions in nuclear power plants/Właściwości cementów specjalnych przeznaczonych do betonu w konstrukcjach osłonowych elektrowni jądrowych,
CEMENT, WAPNO, BETON, ISSN: 1425-8129, Vol.21, No.4, pp.207-216, 2016Abstract: The results of studies of concretes from the special cements, destined to the production of shields against the radiation. The study included Portland cement, Portland fly ash cement, and cements with different content of granulated blastfurnace slag. The application of special cements decreased the possibility of ASR occurrence. CEM I 42.5N LH/SR3/NA and CEM III/A 42.5N LH/HSR/NA usage in heavy concrete of gravity in the range of 3200-3600 kg/m3, the compressive strength was in the range of 45-62 MPa and 62-81 MPa after 28 and 90 days, respectively. The comparison of the effect of CEM III/A 42,5N LH/HSR/NA usage instead of CEM I 42,5N LH/SR3/NA for heavy concrete production the systematic decrease of the rate of water absorption, decrease of coeffi cient of chloride ions diffusion, but increased the carbonation rate, was shown. Keywords: special cements, concrete shields Affiliations:
Baran T. | - | Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials (PL) | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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50. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Brandt A.M.♦, Gibas K., Ocena możliwości wystąpienia reakcji alkalicznej w betonach osłonowych z kruszywami specjalnymi,
Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture, ISSN: 2300-5130, DOI: 10.7862/rb.2016.15, Vol.XXXIII, No.63 (1/I/2016), pp.133-140, 2016Abstract: Możliwość wystąpienia reakcji alkalicznej wodorotlenków sodu i potasu (Alkali Silica Reaction, ASR) w betonowych osłonach reaktorów wymaga szczególnej ostrożności przy doborze składników betonów do realizacji programu energii jądrowej w Polsce. Uszkodzenia osłon reaktorów w USA i w Belgii wskazują kierunki niezbędnych badań, [1-3]. W badaniach przedstawionych w artykule zastosowano kruszywa o dużej gęstości (osłabianie promieniowania gamma): magnetytowe, barytowe oraz hematytowe oraz kruszywo o wysokiej zawartości wody związanej (absorpcja promieniowania neutronowego) – kruszywo serpentynitowe. Przeprowadzono badania mikroskopowe kruszyw na cienkich szlifach w celu identyfikacji potencjalnie szkodliwych minerałów z uwagi na zagrożenie ASR, oraz przyspieszone i długotrwałe badania w celu określenia potencjalnej reaktywności alkalicznej tych kruszyw. Wyniki badań wykluczyły możliwość stosowania kruszywa hematytowego do betonów osłonowych. Wyniki badań odnośnie do wykorzystania dostępnych kruszyw specjalnych tworzą podstawy projektowania bezpiecznych osłon w warunkach krajowych Keywords: reakcja krzemionki z wodorotlenkami sodu i potasu (ASR), ekspansja, beton osłonowy, kruszywo specjalne Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Brandt A.M. | - | other affiliation | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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51. |
Ranachowski Z., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Ranachowski P., Dąbrowski M., Kúdela Jr S.♦, Dvorák T.♦, The determination of diffusive tortuosity in concrete specimens using X-ray microtomography,
ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1733-3490, DOI: 10.1515/amm-2015-0140, Vol.60, No.2, pp.1115-1119, 2015Abstract: The paper presents a method of pore connectivity analysis applied to specimens of cement based composites differing in water to cement ratio. The method employed X-ray microtomography (micro-CT). Microtomography supplied digitized three-dimensional radiographs of small concrete specimens. The data derived from the radiographs were applied as an input into the application based on the algorithm called ‘random walk simulation’. As the result a parameter called diffusive tortuosity was established and compared with estimated porosity of examined specimens.
Artykuł prezentuje metodę wyznaczania parametru charakteryzującego intensywność połączeń mikroporów w zastosowaniu do próbek kompozytów z matrycą cementową, różniących się stosunkiem wodnocementowym. Metoda bazuje na wynikach badań z zastosowaniem mikrotomografii rentgenowskiej. Analizowano zdigitizowane zestawy danych, opisujące trójwymiarową reprezentację mikrostruktury niewielkich próbek wykonanych z betonu. Przygotowane w ten sposób skany mikrostruktury zastosowano jako dane wejściowe wprowadzone do oprogramowania wykorzystujacego algorytm ‘przypadkowo migrujących cząstek wirtualnych’. W ten sposób wyznaczono parametr mikrostruktury znany jako krętość dyfuzyjna. Parametr ten porównano z porowatością obserwowaną wyznaczoną dla zbadanych próbek przy wykorzystaniu analizy jasności voxeli w analizowanych próbkach. Keywords: X-ray tomography, concrete microstructure, diffusive tortuosity Affiliations:
Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Ranachowski P. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Kúdela Jr S. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) | Dvorák T. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) |
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52. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Microscopic Observations of Self-Healing Products in Calcareous Fly Ash Mortars,
MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, ISSN: 1059-910X, DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22440, Vol.78, pp.22-29, 2015Abstract: The results of microstructural characterization of mortars containing fly ash class C (High Calcium Fly Ash) from combustion of lignite are presented. The evaluation of the microstructure was performed using scanning electron microscope, optical, and confocal microscope. The tested beams were bent till the crack and microcracks opening, which were healed during the different curing time. The results showed that the replacement of cement with fly ash class C influenced the process of crack healing. The addition of HCFA, at both 30% and 60%, speeds up the self-healing process in cracks and particularly in micro-cracks. In the research, the completely filling up of the cracks by new phases has not been observed, only the beginning of such process has been noticed. Keywords: self-healing, cement matrix, stereomicroscope, SEM-EDX analysis Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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53. |
Ranachowski Z., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Ranachowski P., Rejmund F., Dąbrowski M., Kúdela Jr S.♦, Dvorák T.♦, Application of X-ray microtomography and optical microscopy to determine the microstructure of concrete penetrated by carbon dioxide,
ARCHIVES OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS, ISSN: 1733-3490, DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0245, Vol.59, No.4, pp.1451-1457, 2014Abstract: In the paper two advanced methods for testing cement based composites are described and compared. These are X-ray microtomography and optical microscopy. Microtomography supplies three-dimensional images of small concrete specimens. In the tomograms all cracks, pores and other voids and inclusions, that exceed a few micrometers, are shown. Such visualisation can become a valuable tool for analysis of the basic material properties. Images obtained on thin sections and analysed with various methods on optical microscopes supply additional information on material microstructure that cannot be obtained in tomograms. For example it is relatively easy to determine zone penetrated by CO2 ingress. These two methods, presented on examples of tests, complete each another in order to supply a set of information on composition and defects of tested composite materials. Keywords: cement matrix composites, concrete deterioration, X-ray tomography, microscopic analysis, concrete microstructure Affiliations:
Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Ranachowski P. | - | IPPT PAN | Rejmund F. | - | IPPT PAN | Dąbrowski M. | - | IPPT PAN | Kúdela Jr S. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) | Dvorák T. | - | Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK) |
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54. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Brandt A.M.♦, Gibas K., Denis P., The alkali - aggregate reaction hazard in the case of barite concretes,
CEMENT, WAPNO, BETON, ISSN: 1425-8129, Vol.19, No.4, pp.234-242, 2014Abstract: Concretes for the shields against ionizing radiation should be executed with particular care to satisfy all requirements, not only effective attenuation of different radiation but also sufficient durability. In the paper fundamental problems are presented that are related with designing of such protective concretes in order to avoid alkali-aggregate reaction. The results of preliminary investigations are presented that indicate how to select barite aggregate and to define composition of concrete mix. Present knowledge in that area of materials engineering should be completed before initiation of construction of nuclear power stations at industrial scale in Poland. Keywords: Alkali Aggregate Reaction (AAR), heavy aggregate, ionizing radiation Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Brandt A.M. | - | other affiliation | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN | Denis P. | - | IPPT PAN |
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55. |
Brandt A.M.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., The influence of ionizing radiation on microstructure and properties of concrete shields – a review,
CEMENT, WAPNO, BETON, ISSN: 1425-8129, Vol.18, No.4, pp.216-237, 2013Abstract: Concrete is used universally as a basic material for shields against ionizing radiation in various buildings related to nuclear energy plants and for other applications of fission materials, e.g. for material testing, therapeutic treatment installations and radioactive materials deposits. In order to fulfil their structural functions, concrete containment walls should have sufficient durability and the control of the ageing of concrete is necessary in all conditions of their functioning. Apart from climatic actions there are serious problems related to the influence of radiation on concrete microstructure and properties during many years of exploitation, particularly in the case of high doses of irradiation with neutrons and rayons gamma (γ). Keywords: concrete shields, nuclear power plant, special aggregate, ionizing radiation Affiliations:
Brandt A.M. | - | other affiliation | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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56. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Sobczak M., Gibas K., Carbonation of concretes containing calcareous fly ashes,
Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty, ISSN: 1643-1618, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.013.016, Vol.12, No.2, pp.223-236, 2013Abstract: The purpose of this research was to determine the carbonation depths in concrete containing calcareous fly ash. Eleven concrete mixes with the same water-binder ratio w/b and with different amounts of calcareous fly ash have been prepared in laboratory. In the test series I the mixes were produced with five blended cements containing different amounts of the following supplementary cementitious materials: calcareous fly ash, siliceous fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag. The second test series was produced with calcareous fly ash replacing 30% of the cement by weight. The maximum depth of carbonation in concrete was determined using the phenolphthalein method. The progress of the carbonation front was established by analysing polished thin sections of concrete under a polarizing microscope in transmitted light. The most resistant to carbonation was the concrete containing, beside clinker, 14.3% of calcareous fly ash as a cementitious material. The specimens of concrete containing different amounts of calcareous fly ash were compared and no significant variations were found both in the rate and depth of carbonation. On the other hand, the rate of advancement of carbonation front was higher in concrete containing calcareous fly ash as compared to the reference concrete without admixtures. Keywords: blended cements, calcareous fly ash, carbonation, particle size separation of fly ash Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Sobczak M. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN |
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57. |
Marks M., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Glinicki M.A., Olek J.♦, Marks M., Assessment of Scaling Durability of Concrete with CFBC Ash by Automatic Classification Rules,
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 0899-1561, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000464, Vol.24, No.7, pp.860-867, 2012Abstract: The objective of this investigation was to develop rules for automatic assessment of concrete quality by using selected artificial intelligence methods based on machine learning. The range of tested materials included concrete containing nonstandard waste material—the solid residue from coal combustion in circulating fluidized bed combustion boilers (CFBC ash) used as an additive. Performed experimental tests on the surface scaling resistance provided data for learning and verification of rules discovered by machine learning techniques. It has been found that machine learning is a tool that can be applied to classify concrete durability. The rules generated by computer programs AQ21 and WEKA by using the J48 algorithm provided a means for adequate categorization of plain concrete and concrete modified with CFBC fly ash as materials resistant or not resistant to the surface scaling. Keywords: Machine learning, Automatic classification rules, Database, Concrete durability, Scaling resistance, Circulated fluidized bed combustion fly ash (CFBC fly ash) Affiliations:
Marks M. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Olek J. | - | Purdue University (US) | Marks M. | - | IPPT PAN |
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58. |
Jain J.♦, Janusz A.♦, Olek J.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Effects of Deicing Salt Solutions on Physical Properties of Pavement Concretes,
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD, ISSN: 0361-1981, DOI: 10.3141/2290-09, Vol.2290, pp.69-75, 2012Abstract: Salt solutions are used on pavement surfaces during wintry weather events to guarantee safe driving conditions. In addition to sodium chloride (NaCl) which continues to be traditionally used as deicer, the usage of solutions of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is on the increase due to need provide a more consistent ice and snow control and thus ensure safety of the travelling public. This paper assesses the effects of three different salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2) on several physical and mechanical properties of pavement concretes. These deicing solutions were used under simulated wetting-drying (WD) and freezing-thawing (FT) exposure regimes with total ion concentration of the deicers was 10.5 molal for WD exposure and 5.5 molal for FT exposure.
Two types of concretes were used in the study; the ordinary portland cement concrete and the fly ash concrete (20% of cement replacement by mass). The prismatic and cylindrical specimens were used to monitor physical changes due to these exposure regimes. The physical changes of cylindrical specimens subjected to the WD regime were monitored by taking ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements after every 2 weeks of exposure and crushing these cylinders at the end to obtain the compressive strength. The effects on prismatic specimens were monitored by measuring mass and resonant frequencies after every 2 weeks of exposure and using these data to calculate changes in the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME). The test results obtained from the RDME and UPV measurements, combined with visual observations were used to assess the effects of deicers on concretes. It was observed that CaCl2 solution is more harmful as compared to MgCl2 solution for both plain and fly ash modified concretes. Keywords: Deicing Salt Solutions, Pavement Concretes Affiliations:
Jain J. | - | Purdue University (US) | Janusz A. | - | Purdue University (US) | Olek J. | - | Purdue University (US) | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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59. |
Marks M., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Glinicki M.A., Automatic categorization of chloride migration into concrete modified with CFBC ash,
COMPUTERS AND CONCRETE, ISSN: 1598-8198, DOI: 10.12989/cac.2012.9.5.375, Vol.9, No.5, pp.393-405, 2012Abstract: The objective of this investigation was to develop rules for automatic categorization of concrete quality using selected artificial intelligence methods based on machine learning. The range of tested materials included concrete containing a new waste material - solid residue from coal combustion in fluidized bed boilers (CFBC fly ash) used as additive. The rapid chloride permeability test - Nordtest Method BUILD 492 method was used for determining chloride ions penetration in concrete. Performed experimental tests on obtained chloride migration provided data for learning and testing of rules discovered by machine learning techniques. It has been found that machine learning is a tool which can be applied to determine concrete durability. The rules generated by computer programs AQ21 and WEKA using J48 algorithm provided means for adequate categorization of plain concrete and concrete modified with CFBC fly ash as materials of good and acceptable resistance to chloride penetration. Keywords: concrete durability, chloride ions migration, circulated fluidized bed combustion fly ash (cfbc fly ash), machine learning, classification rules, database Affiliations:
Marks M. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN |
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60. |
Ranachowski Z., Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Brandt A.M.♦, Dębowski T., Application of Acoustic Emission Method to Determine Critical Stress in Fibre Reinforced Mortar Beams,
ARCHIVES OF ACOUSTICS, ISSN: 0137-5075, Vol.37, No.3, pp.261-268, 2012Abstract: The objective of this investigation was to test the effectiveness of the Acoustic Emission (AE) measurements in determining the critical stresses during four-point bending of mortar beams. Within the measuring procedure the parameter σcr/σ300 was calculated and analysed. Additionally, the influence of cement replacement by high calcium fly ash (HCFA) on the process of crack healing was discussed. Mortar beams with different content of HCFA and reinforced by steel microfibres were prepared for tests. After curing in standard conditions the beams were subjected to four-point bending test in order to introduce the pre-cracking. Thereafter the beams were cured in the lime water and loaded after 56 and 112 days in the same way as for the first time. Additionally the microstructure of mortars was studied in a stereo optical microscope as well in an electron scanning microscope including the Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The results of microstructural characterization of mortar containing HCFA from lignite combustion are presented. The applied load level slightly exceeded the critical stress, producing intense crack growth processes however did not significant affected the load capacity of the beams. During the consecutive loading the decreasing tendency of σcr/σ300 ratio was noted. The obtained results confirm that the latter parameter can be applied as a measure of the composite degradation level for the elements carrying the repeated loads of amplitude close to the critical stress of the structure and also that the cement replacement with HCFA influences the process of crack healing. Keywords: critical stress, Acoustic Emission, microcracking, self-healing, concrete microstructure, fly ash Affiliations:
Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Brandt A.M. | - | other affiliation | Dębowski T. | - | IPPT PAN |
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61. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Brandt A.M.♦, Ranachowski Z., Self-healing of cracks in fibre reinfored mortar beams made with high calcium fly ash,
CEMENT, WAPNO, BETON, ISSN: 1425-8129, Vol.XVII/LXXIX, No.1, pp.38-49, 2012Abstract: Mortar beams were cast with various content of high calcium fly ash as a partial replacement of Portland cement. The results of microstructural characterization of mortar containing fly ash class C (High Calcium Fly Ash – HCFA) from lignite combustion are presented. The evaluation of the microstructure was performed using SEM and optical microscopy. At the age of 28 days the beams were subjected to 4-point bending until opening of a system of microcracks and cracks. Then, the beams were cured in lime water for 56 and 112 days after precracking and again subjected to loading. The results in a form of partial self-healing were recorded with load-deflection curves and using optical methods. The results show the percentage of replacement of cement by fly ash influenced the process of crack healing. Keywords: Microcracking, Self-healing, Microstructure, Fly Ash Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Brandt A.M. | - | other affiliation | Ranachowski Z. | - | IPPT PAN |
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62. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Estimation of chloride migration coefficient in air-entrained concretes containing fluidized bed combustion fly ash,
ARCHIVES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1230-2945, Vol.LVIII, No.1, pp.25-38, 2012Abstract: The objective of this investigation was comparing the penetration of chloride ions in ordinary and air-entrained concretes containing a waste material Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash (FBCFA). All concretes were tested with 15% and 30% cement replacement by FBCFA, with the same water-binder ratio of 0.45. Two kinds of fly ash coming from fluid bed combustion in two power plants in Poland have been used.
In this study the rapid chloride permeability test - Nordtest Method BUILD 492 method - was used. The microstructure of the concrete was analyzed on thin polished sections and the measurement of air voids sizes and their distribution, using digital image analysis, was carried on according to PN-EN 480-11:2008.
Obtained results have shown a significant influence of partial cement replacement by FBCFA on the chloride ions movements in concrete. It has been found that this kind of addition reduced considerably the chloride ion penetration. The influence of air entrainment on the chloride diffusion coefficients was also measured and it was shown that application of air-entraining admixture for concretes with FBCFA reduce the chloride diffusion coefficient but it should be used with caution.
Keywords: Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash (FBCFA), Pore Size Distribution, Chloride Permeability, Concrete, Durability Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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63. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Mikrostruktura i wytrzymałość zapraw z cementów wieloskładnikowych zawierających popiół lotny wapienny,
ZESZYTY NAUKOWE POLITECHNIKI RZESZOWSKIEJ, SERIA: BUDOWNICTWO I INŻYNIERIA ŚRODOWISKA, ISSN: 0209-2646, Vol.59 (3/12/III), No.283, pp.205-212, 2012Abstract: Tematem referatu jest ocena mikrostruktury, mikrotwardości i wczesnej wytrzymałości zapraw wykonanych z cementów wieloskładnikowych, zawierających różne ilości dodatku popiołu lotnego wapniowego. Zakres badań objął prototypowe cementy CEM II i CEM V wykonane w skali laboratoryjnej. Do badań mikrostruktury zapraw i składników wyjściowych zastosowano mikroskopię optyczną z wykorzystaniem cyfrowej analizy obrazu, mikroskopię skaningową z mikrosondą i metodę mikroindentacji. Wytrzymałość zapraw z cementów wieloskładnikowych z udziałem popiołów wapiennych po 28 dniach twardnienia oznaczona zgodnie z normą była niższa od zaprawy przyjętej za wzorzec, wykonanej z cementu CEM I bez dodatków. Obniżenie wytrzymałości w stosunku do wzorca zawierało się w granicach od 11 do 41% i było wyraźnie zależne od ilości dodatków popiołu lotnego wapiennego, krzemionkowego czy żużla wielkopiecowego. Wzrost ilości dodatku powodował obniżenie wytrzymałości. W mikrostrukturze matrycy cementowych zapraw badanych techniką SEM stwierdzono, że tworzące ją uwodnione krzemiany wapnia typu C-S-H mają we wszystkich zaprawach zbliżona budowę tzw. plastra miodu, wśród których są obecne heksagonalne kryształy portlandytu i relikty nieuwodnionych ziarn cementu oraz ziarna kuliste, pochodzące z dodatku popiołu. Keywords: mikrostruktura, popiół lotny wapienny, cementy wieloskładnikowe, wytrzymałość, SEM, mikroskopia optyczna Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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64. |
Brandt A.M.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Diagnosis of Concrete Quality by Structural Analysis,
Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, ISSN: 2379-1357, Vol.1, No.1, pp.1-21, 2012Abstract: In this review paper the structure of concrete investigated as a composite material is analyzed on different levels from the viewpoint of its diagnosis. The diagnosis of a complex structure of concrete should cover identification and estimation of existing damages and possible failures. The aim is to ensure adequate durability and high quality of concrete in infrastructure works. The most effective methods that are actually available are shortly described. Beside various non destructive techniques, the optical and scanning electron microscopy that is applied on specimens representing material used in a diagnosed structure, are shortly described. The importance of quantitative results of material analysis and of image processing is stressed. On the basis of a thorough structural analysis of the concrete treated as a multicomponent material it is possible to determine its quality, to check correct execution of the designed diverse composition and to verify used components. All these data form necessary basis for a diagnosis of concrete quality and conformity with requirements. The review is partly based on research developed and realized at IPPT PAN during past several years in the scope of concrete treated as a structural composite material. Keywords: Concrete, Durability, Image analysis, Microstructure Affiliations:
Brandt A.M. | - | other affiliation | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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65. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Gibas K., Glinicki M.A., Nowowiejski G.♦, Wpływ dodatku popiołu lotnego wapiennego na przepuszczalność betonów w odniesieniu do mediów agresywnych,
DROGI I MOSTY, ISSN: 1643-1618, Vol.3, pp.39-61, 2011Abstract: Celem przeprowadzonych badań była ocena przepuszczalności betonu zawierającego popiół lotny wapienny pochodzący ze spalania węgla brunatnego, w stanie surowym i po dodatkowym domieleniu. W badaniach skoncentrowano się na określeniu wpływu ilości popiołu jako dodatku do betonu na wnikanie mediów agresywnych. Określono podstawowe właściwości mieszanki betonowej oraz wytrzymałość na ściskanie. Oznaczono współczynnik migracji jonów chlorkowych przy nieustalonym ich przepływie, głębokość penetracji wody pod ciśnieniem oraz współczynnik gazoprzepuszczalności betonu. Mikrostrukturę badanych betonów przeanalizowano na cienkich płytkach w mikroskopie polaryzacyjnym do światła przechodzącego. Stwierdzono, że zastąpienie cementu przez dodatek popiołów lotnych wapiennych do betonu w ilości 15% lub 30% przy w / s =0,55 powoduje poprawę ich wodo- i gazoszczelności, z tą jednak różnicą, że do zmniejszenia gazoprzepuszczalności betonu odpowiedniejsze jest stosowanie popiołów domielonych. Niższe wartości współczynnika migracji jonów chlorkowych otrzymano w betonach zawierających popiół lotny wapienny, wzrost w / s zwiększył przenikalność jonów chlorkowych. Analiza obrazów na cienkich szlifach betonowych wykazała, że w miarę wzrostu zawartości popiołu w betonie wzrasta również ilość niespalonych cząstek węgla w matrycy, których wielkość jest zależna od czasu mielenia popiołu Keywords: gazoprzepuszczalność, migracja chlorków, mikrostruktura, popiół lotny wapienny, wodoprzepuszczalność Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Gibas K. | - | IPPT PAN | Glinicki M.A. | - | IPPT PAN | Nowowiejski G. | - | other affiliation |
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66. |
Kosior-Kazberuk M.♦, Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Influence of fly ash from co-conbustion of coal and biomass on scaling resistance of concrete,
ARCHIVES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, ISSN: 1230-2945, Vol.56, No.3, pp.239-254, 2010Abstract: Industrial utilization of fly ash from various kinds of fuel plays an important role in the environmentally clean and cost effective power generation. The primary market for fly ash utilization is as a pozzolanic addition in concrete production. The paper concerns the concretes containing fly ash called Fly Ash from Biomass (FAB) from co-combustion of hard coal and wood biomass (wood chips). Characterization of the fly ash was carried on by means of X-ray diffractometry and E-SEM/EDS analysis. The results of laboratory studies undertaken to evaluate the influence of FAB on concrete resistance to surface scaling due to cyclic freezing and thawing in the presence of NaCl solution were presented. The tests were carried out for concretes containing up to 25% of fly ash related to cement mass. Additionally, the microstructure of air-voids was described.
It was concluded that the FAB has significant effect on concrete freeze/thaw durability. The replacement of cement by fly ash from co-combustion progressively transformed the concrete microstructure into less resistant against freeze/thaw cycles and excessive dosage (over 15%) may dangerously increase scaling. Keywords: concrete, durability, fly ash from co-combustion of coal and biomass, scaling resistance, microstructure Affiliations:
Kosior-Kazberuk M. | - | other affiliation | Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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67. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Tucholski Z.♦, Wiadukt żelbetowy z początków XX wieku - analiza mikrostruktury stuletniego betonu,
DROGI I MOSTY, ISSN: 1643-1618, Vol.3, pp.23-37, 2010Abstract: W artykule opisano historię wiaduktu Kolei Kaliskiej a także stan zachowania konstrukcji. Omówiono aktualny stanu jakości betonu z wiaduktu sklepionego parabolicznego Drogi Żelaznej Warszawsko-Kaliskiej – najprawdopodobniej jednej z dwóch najstarszych budowli inżynierskich o konstrukcji betonowej na terenie Warszawy. Zamieszczono opis przygotowywania cienkich szlifów betonowych oraz przedstawiono wyniki analizy cienkich szlifów uzyskane za pomocą mikroskopu optycznego do obserwacji mikrostruktury betonu w świetle spolaryzowanym i w świetle ultrafioletowym. Scharakteryzowano rodzaj i wielkość kruszywa (analiza petrograficzna), a także przeprowadzono analizę jednorodności współczynnika wodno-cementowego ocenianą na podstawie rozkładu intensywności barwnika fluoroscencyjnego w świetle UV. Keywords: mikrostruktura, cienkie szlify, stuletni beton, wiadukt sklepiony Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN | Tucholski Z. | - | other affiliation |
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68. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Zapobieganie łuszczeniu powierzchni betonowych przy użyciu nawilżonego kruszywa lekkiego. Cz. II - badania doświadczalne,
DROGI I MOSTY, ISSN: 1643-1618, Vol.5, No.3, pp.17-42, 2006Abstract: Praca jest kontynuacją artykułu ‘’Zapobieganie łuszczeniu powierzchni betonowych przy użyciu nawilżonego kruszywa lekkiego. Cz. I – stan wiedzy”. W części II artykułu przedstawiono wyniki badań betonów zawierających nawilżone drobne frakcje kruszywa lekkiego, określono strukturę porów oraz odporność na powierzchniowe łuszczenie (według SS 13 72 44) i mrozoodporność (badaną wg PN-88/B-06250 i przy pomocy pomiaru oporu elektrycznego, według ASTM C 666 A). Keywords: beton, mrozoodporność, odporność na powierzchniowe łuszczenie, nawilżone kruszywo lekkie Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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69. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Zapobieganie łuszczeniu powierzchni betonowych przy użyciu nawilżonego kruszywa lekkiego. cz. I - stan wiedzy,
DROGI I MOSTY, ISSN: 1643-1618, Vol.5, No.2, pp.37-54, 2006Abstract: W pracy naszkicowano aktualny stan wiedzy na temat mechanizmów, powodujących powierzchniowe łuszczenie betonów. Uzupełniając opis zjawisk powierzchniowych przytoczono również podstawowe hipotezy, dotyczące wewnętrznej destrukcji betonu, spowodowanej działaniem mrozu, a także przedstawiono pomysł zastosowania „inteligentnego” materiału, tj. nawilżonych drobnych frakcji kruszywa lekkiego jako alternatywy w stosunku do tradycyjnych środków napowietrzających. Ponadto, opisano rodzaje porów występujących w betonie oraz sposób ich wypełnienia przez wodę. Keywords: beton nawierzchniowy, odporność na powierzchniowe łuszczenie, wewnętrzna pielęgnacja Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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70. |
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D., Scaling resistance of high performance concretes containing a small portion of pre-wetted lightweight fine aggregate,
CEMENT AND CONCRETE COMPOSITES, ISSN: 0958-9465, Vol.27, No.6, pp.709-715, 2005Abstract: The subject of the investigation was the influence of pre-wetted lightweight aggregate on damage of the concrete surface due to cyclic freezing and thawing in the presence of de-icing salts tested according to the Swedish Standard SS 13 72 44 (the Borås method). Six series of concrete specimens were made with the same water/binder (w/b) ratio 0.32, cement volume 400 kg/m3 and content of superplasticiser 8.8 kg/m3. One series, S3/2, contained an air-entraining agent. Series S4/7 and S4/8 were made with water/cement ratio equal to 0.45 and a lower cement content 340 kg/m3. In a few series the sand fraction 0-2 mm and basalt fraction 2-4 mm were partly or totally replaced by wetted lightweight aggregate. Concretes S3/1, S3/3, S4/7 and S4/8, failed the test. The best results were obtained for concrete S3/6 (with the 2-4 mm fraction replaced by half) and S3/2 (air-entrained). The application of an air-entraining agent is more expensive than LWA, and at a construction site it is not always easy to control. It seems that the replacement of a part of aggregate by LWA could be a more effective way to improve the scaling resistance. Keywords: concrete, scaling resistance, internal curing, expanded clay Affiliations:
Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka D. | - | IPPT PAN |
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